What Is a Customs Tariff? Types and How They Work

A customs tariff is a tax imposed on goods imported into a country. It is one of the oldest trade tools used by governments to regulate international commerce.Customs duties make imported products more expensive, giving locally produced goods a competitive edge. This helps protect domestic industries from foreign competition.For governments, tariffs are a major source of revenue. For businesses, they directly impact pricing, sourcing, and profitability. For consumers, tariffs influence product availability and final purchase costs. In this blog, you will learn what a customs tariff is, its various types, how it works, and why understanding tariff codes, such as the Indian customs tariff, and tools like the CBIC duty calculator, are essential for global trade compliance.The Customs Tariff Act, 1975The Customs Tariff Act, 1975, was enacted to consolidate and amend the law relating to customs duties in India. It came into effect on August 2, 1976, and provides the legal framework for levying import and export duties under the Customs Act, 1962.The Act empowers the Central Government to impose tariffs not only for revenue but also for trade protection. It allows for additional duties, countervailing duties, and anti-dumping duties to safeguard domestic industries. In short, the Act is the backbone of India’s customs duty system, ensuring that imports and exports are regulated fairly and systematically.Structure of the Customs Tariff ActThe Act is structured around two main schedules: the First Schedule, which covers import tariffs, and the Second Schedule, which covers export tariffs. These schedules are divided into sections and chapters, each covering specific categories of goods and services.Tariff classification is central to the Act, where every product is assigned a unique tariff item number. This number determines the applicable duty rate and compliance requirements. The structured classification system ensures uniformity, simplifies trade documentation, and aligns India’s tariffs with international standards, such as the Harmonised System (HSN).Customs Tariff Code and ClassificationA customs tariff code is a numeric identifier used to classify traded goods and services. Globally, it is based on the Harmonised System of Nomenclature (HSN), which assigns each product category a unique code. These codes standardise trade, making it easier for customs authorities to assess duties and ensure compliance.Every imported or exported item must be declared with its tariff code. This determines the applicable duty rate, trade restrictions, and documentation requirements. Without proper classification, businesses face risks of penalties, delays, or incorrect duty payments.Indian Customs Tariff & Classification SystemIndia follows an eight-digit classification system under the Customs Tariff Act, 1975, aligned with the HSN. The first six digits are based on the global HS code, while the last two represent Indian sub-classifications.The First Schedule covers import tariffs and the Second Schedule covers export tariffs. Each schedule is divided into sections and chapters, grouping products by nature and use. The classification rules are detailed and supported by general notes, section notes, and chapter notes.DigitsMeaningExample (HS Code 85011011)1–2Chapter (product category)85 = Electrical machinery3–4Heading (broad type of goods)01 = Motors and generators5–6Sub-heading (specific product group)10 = Motors ≤ 37.5 W7–8Indian sub-classification11 = Micro motorChapter 85 of Customs Tariff (Electrical Machinery and Equipment)Chapter 85 is one of the most important categories in India’s customs tariff. It covers electrical machinery, equipment, sound recorders, television apparatus, and related parts. Products under this chapter include motors, generators, transformers, semiconductors, telecommunication devices, and electronic components. Proper classification is critical as duty rates vary widely depending on the subheading.For businesses importing electronics, Chapter 85 has a direct impact on cost calculations, compliance, and competitiveness in the Indian market.Also read- Import Duty in IndiaHow Customs Tariffs WorkCustoms duties generally fall under different categories:Basic Customs Duty (BCD) is the standard tax on imports.Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST), which aligns imports with domestic GST.Additional duties, such as Countervailing Duty (CVD) or Anti-Dumping Duty, may apply. The tariff rate may also vary depending on the country of origin, with preferential duty rates often granted under trade agreements such as the ASEAN-India FTA or SAFTA.Importers must declare the correct CTH, product description, and country of origin when filing bills of entry. Any misclassification can lead to penalties or confiscation. Hence, understanding tariff classification and its impact on total duty payable is critical for compliance and accurate cost estimation in international trade.Using the CBIC Duty CalculatorThe CBIC’s online Duty Calculator simplifies tariff determination by allowing importers to search using either the Customs Tariff Heading (CTH), product description, or country of origin.You need to enter the details so the system can display the correct customs duty rate. Here’s how to fill it:CTH (Customs Tariff Heading):Enter the tariff code of the product you want to import.It’s usually a 4 to 8-digit number (HS Code).Example: Books = 4901, Laptops = 8471, Perfume = 3303.Description (optional if you know CTH):Type the product name or description (max 30 characters).Example: “Laptop”, “Perfume”, “Printed Books”.Country of Origin (optional):Select if you want to check for preferential duty rates (under trade agreements) or for anti-dumping duty.If not relevant, you can leave it blank.Related - Difference Between Tax and FeeTypes of Customs TariffsCustoms tariffs are taxes levied on imported goods, and they can take various forms depending on the method used to calculate the duty. The different types of tariffs are Specific Tariffs, ad valorem tariffs, and Preferential Duties.Specific TariffA specific tariff is imposed as a fixed charge on each unit of goods imported, regardless of its price. For example, if the tariff on shoes is set at ₹50 per pair, importing 2,000 pairs will result in a duty of ₹100,000, regardless of whether the shoes are made of luxury leather or basic canvas. This method provides predictability for governments but may disproportionately affect lower-value goods.Ad Valorem TariffAn ad valorem tariff is charged as a percentage of the value of the imported item. For instance, if the ad valorem tariff on mobile phones is 10% and you import a consignment worth ₹5,00,000, the payable duty will be ₹50,000. This system ensures fairness by scaling duties in proportion to the value of the goods, but it also requires accurate documentation and valuation at customs.Preferential DutiesPreferential duties are reduced or zero tariffs are applied to imports from certain countries under trade agreements or development schemes. For example, India may import textiles duty-free from a partner country under a Free Trade Agreement. These measures aim to encourage trade with developing economies while supporting strategic economic ties.Explore in details - Different Types of Tariffs and Tariff Codes with ExamplesRole of Customs Tariffs in Global TradeCustoms tariffs directly influence trade flows by determining costs, market access, and competitiveness. While most global trade is tariff-free, remaining duties still create significant barriers, especially for developing economies.Tariff-free trade dominates: About two-thirds of international trade occurs without tariffs due to Most-Favoured-Nation (MFN) treatment and trade agreements.High protection in key sectors: Agriculture faces average MFN import duties of nearly 20%, while textiles and apparel attract around 6%. Manufacturing barriers also persist, whereas raw materials typically see low tariffs.Developing countries are disadvantaged: exporters from developing nations face higher duties, which limit their access to global markets. High agricultural tariffs particularly restrict their competitiveness.South-South trade hurdles: Trade between developing regions, such as Latin America and South Asia, carries average tariffs of 15%, showing limited liberalisation compared to North-South trade.Tariff escalation effect: Many countries impose higher tariffs on finished goods than raw inputs, discouraging industrialisation in developing economies by keeping them dependent on raw material exports.Global trade trends (2024): World trade reached $33 trillion, representing a 3.7% increase. Services drove growth with a 9% increase ($700 billion), while goods grew by only 2% ($500 billion).Regional performance: Developing economies expanded imports and exports by 4%, led by East and South Asia. Developed economies stagnated, with trade falling 2% in the fourth quarter.Imbalances widen: The US deficit with China increased to -$355 billion, while China’s surplus reached its highest level since 2022. The EU shifted into a trade surplus after years of deficits.How WareIQ Simplifies Customs Tariffs and LogisticsWareIQ is a Y Combinator-backed e-commerce full-stack platform that powers seamless cross-border and domestic fulfilment. With its technology-first approach, WareIQ helps businesses simplify compliance and optimise logistics.Pan-India Fulfillment NetworkWareIQ operates a network of Seller Flex and FAssured compliant fulfilment centres across 12+ cities.Last-mile delivery partners cover 27,000+ pin codes, ensuring faster clearance and smoother movement of goods subject to customs tariffs.Multi-Channel Fulfillment PlatformPlug-and-play integrations with marketplaces (Amazon, Flipkart, Myntra, Nykaa), D2C platforms (Shopify, Magento, WooCommerce), WMS, and ERPs.Businesses can manage cross-border imports, distributor supply, flagship stores, and e-commerce sales with one system.Inventory LogIQ for Smarter PlanningAI-led inventory planning that reduces stockouts and automates replenishment.Helps businesses better forecast demand, ensuring customs-cleared goods move quickly into distribution channels.Tech-Enabled Returns & QCHD media evidence capture for damaged or missing returns, stored centrally for transparency and accountability.Eliminates disputes and rejections in marketplaces, reducing compliance risks associated with tariff number mismatches.Seller Enablement & SupportDedicated account managers for smooth customs and logistics operations.Assistance with APOB/PPOB registrations, GST compliance, and COD verification.Also read - HTS Explained: What Is the Harmonised Tariff Schedule?FAQsWhat is a customs tariff in simple terms?A customs tariff is a tax or duty imposed on imported goods by a country’s government to regulate trade, generate revenue, and protect domestic industries.How do I find my custom tariff code?You can find your custom tariff code (HSN or tariff number) through the CBIC portal, trade directories, or by consulting with customs agents for accurate classification.What is the difference between customs duty and customs tariff?A customs tariff is the structured schedule of rates applied to imported goods, while customs duty is the actual tax paid based on that tariff.How do I use the CBIC duty calculator?The CBIC duty calculator allows importers to input the tariff code, product details, and shipment value to estimate payable customs duty and landed costs.

November 19, 2025

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What Is a UPC Code, and Why Is It Crucial for Retail?

When it is about the retail landscape, there is no denying that it is quite fast-paced. Whether it is the self-checkout lanes or the warehousing operation, the hallmarks of success are accuracy and speed. One such aspect that plays an important role is the Universal Product Code (UPC Code). Did you know that 10 billion barcode scans happen daily across the globe? Among these codes are UPCs, which are standardised barcode symbologies used to uniquely identify retail products. But the question is, why is the UPC an indispensable tool in retail, e-commerce, and supply chain logistics? Let us find out!What Is a UPC Code? (UPC Full Form, and UPC Meaning)The full form for UPC is Universal Product Code. This is a barcode symbology that is used in North America. The UPC typically appears as a string of 12 digits (in the UPC-A format), printed beneath a series of vertical black bars that scanners can read. This 12-digit number is also referred to as a UPC number. Moreover, the barcode itself, the visual pattern of bars and spaces, is often described as the UPC barcode.IBM engineer George Laurer developed the UPC, or UPC number. The UPC was first used commercially in 1974 when a pack of Wrigley's gum was scanned in an Ohio supermarket. The primary need of the UPC number is to provide a universal identification standard that works seamlessly across all retail and supply chain systems. The 12 digits of a UPC correspond to:1. Company Prefix: Assigned by GS1 (the global standards organisation) to identify the manufacturer or brand.2. Item Reference Number: Assigned by the company to identify a particular product or variation (e.g., size or colour).3. Check Digit: Automatically calculated to validate that the barcode is scanned correctly.Once the UPC is scanned, it retrieves useful product information such as name, price, and stock level from the retailer's database. The UPC can be considered a product's digital fingerprint, unique, standardised, and indispensable for efficient retail and e-commerce operations.Why Are UPC Codes Crucial for Retail?UPC numbers are the backbone of modern retail operations. From checkout counters to global supply chains, UPC barcodes ensure products move efficiently, data stays accurate, and businesses run smoothly.Here are the top reasons why UPCs become absolutely essential for the retail industry:Streamlines Checkout and TransactionsThe main impact of UPCs is on the checkout process. Once a UPC is scanned, it instantly pulls up all product information. It eliminates errors due to manual entry while also reducing waiting times. Some retail studies also show that barcode scanning can considerably reduce checkout time by up to 70% to 80% compared to manual entry. UPCs not only enhance efficiency but also improve customer experience. Leads to Accurate Inventory ManagementReal-time stock tracking is possible thanks to UPCs. Every scan, whether at sale, shipment, or return, automatically updates inventory databases.It also helps retailers to monitor what is in stock, what is selling fast and which stock is running out. Eventually, it will help in reducing overstocking, understocking, and inventory discrepancies, leading to cost savings and better demand forecasting. Better Product IdentificationAs every UPC is unique to a product, it can help a retailer to:Distinguish between similar products.Maintain accurate product catalogues.Avoid confusion in pricing, promotions, or returns.Universal ApplicationAlmost all e-commerce platforms, like Amazon or eBay, require a UPC number for the listings on their portal. This allows for the correct identification of duplicate listings, the management of product data, and the display of accurate search results.There is also a possibility that a product can be flagged or removed from the listings if a valid UPC is not available. Hence, it is no longer optional; it is a compliance requirement. Improves Supply Chain EfficiencyFor a transparent and efficient supply chain, UPCs are a necessity. From manufacturing to logistics to retail shelves, each UPC scan provides real-time visibility into product movement.In the end, it can help in quicker recalls, better demand forecasting, and improved warehouse accuracy. Better Data Analytics and Retail InsightsEvery time a UPC is scanned, it generates valuable data such as sales trends, customer behaviour, geographic demand and more. These data sets can be used to make informed decisions regarding price points to be set, stock placement and promotions.Thus, UPCs can power data-driven retail strategies that help boost profit margins and improve customer satisfaction.Build CredibilityA UPC registered with GS1 gives your product a globally recognised identity. It helps in creating credibility and trust among marketplaces, distributors and consumers. It also ensures your products can be traded internationally without duplication or confusion.Suggested - EAN Code: What It Is and Why You Need OneBest Practices for Assignment & Use of UPC CodeRegistering your product with the Universal Product Code Barcode is only the very first step. It is necessary to use it and manage it correctly for smooth retail and e-commerce operations. Below are the best practices for assigning and using UPCs effectively:Always get the UPC from GS1 to make sure it is authentic and globally recognised. Avoid resellers offering cheap UPCs; they often lead to duplication or rejection on platforms like Amazon and Walmart.Each product variation (size, colour, flavour, packaging type, etc.) must have its own unique UPC number. Remember the golden rule: "One Product Variant = One UPC Code."Keep a record of every product's UPC in detail and mention the description, size, colour, and date of issue. Maintain correct quiet zones, contrast, and barcode dimensions (recommended size: 1.469" × 1.02"). Also, it is best to place the barcode on a flat, visible part of the packaging for easy scanning.Scan the barcode with multiple devices to ensure it reads properly. To confirm the readability, check it under different lighting conditions. It is also best practice to sync UPC data across your POS, other e-commerce platforms, and warehouse management systems. Make the retired or discontinued product's UPC inactive, and do not reassign it. Educate packaging, logistics, and sales teams on the importance of proper UPC usage. When applying for a GS1 prefix, choose a range that allows room for future product lines.Suggested read - Consignment Number Meaning in LogisticsSimplified UPC Codes and Their Applications with WareIQWareIQ is a Y-Combinator-backed eCommerce full-stack platform offering multi-channel fulfillment across D2C, Marketplaces, Quick Commerce, and B2B (General Trade & Modern Trade)Our solution offers:Pan-India network of Seller Flex & FAssured compliant across 12+ cities operated by WareIQ, and shipping partners for last-mile delivery across 27000+ pin codesMulti-Channel Fulfilment Platform with plug-and-play integrations across marketplaces (Amazon, Flipkart, Myntra, Nykaa, etc.), D2C platforms (Shopify, Magento, WooCommerce, etc.), WMS, and ERPs, to support fulfilment across distributors, flagship stores and eCommerce channels with analytics capabilities to assess operational performanceInventory LogIQ: AI-led multi-channel inventory planning solution to minimise stockouts and automate replenishmentLeverage the tech-enabled returns QC solution to capture, centrally store, and auto-index HD media evidence of damaged or missing returned products and eliminate marketplace claims rejections.A host of seller enablement and support – dedicated account manager, APOB/PPOB registrations, GST registration, NDR & COD verification, etc.ConclusionThe UPC, or Universal Product Code Barcode, is more than just a normal barcode; it is the digital DNA of a product. By ensuring accuracy, speed, and consistency across checkout counters, warehouses, and online marketplaces, UPCs form the foundation of efficient inventory management and global trade. Businesses must follow best practices in UPC assignment, registration, and usage to achieve smoother operations, stronger brand credibility, and enhanced customer experience. A well-managed UPC system is necessary for building a smarter, scalable and more connected retail future. Explore more - IEC Code and AD CodeFAQs About UPC CodeWhat is a UPC used for?A UPC helps retailers, manufacturers, and online marketplaces identify, track, and manage products efficiently. It's used for pricing, checkout, inventory control, and global product recognition.Is UPC the same as a barcode?Not exactly. A barcode is the visual pattern of lines and spaces, while a UPC refers to the numeric code embedded within that barcode. In short, every UPC is a barcode, but not every barcode is a UPC.Can I buy UPCs from resellers?While some third-party resellers sell UPCs, only codes directly purchased from GS1 are officially recognised and traceable to your brand. Marketplace platforms like Amazon may reject non-GS1 UPCs.What happens if I use the same UPC for two products?Using duplicate UPCs causes system errors, pricing confusion, and listing rejections on e-commerce platforms. Each product must have a unique UPC to maintain data integrity.

November 18, 2025

Duty Drawback: Meaning, Process, and Eligibility

Imagine that you have a manufacturing business that imports raw materials to create finished goods, which you then export. The duty you pay on imports can become a significant cost burden. The burden can lessen when you get some or all the paid duty back. This is where duty drawbacks come into the picture. In fact, India's duty drawback schemes have refunded billions of dollars to exporters over the years, helping them remain price-competitive in international markets. Today, we are going to look at what duty drawback means, how the duty drawback scheme works, how to calculate it, the eligibility criteria, and the steps involved in claiming drawback. What is Duty Drawback?Duty drawback is the refund or rebate of customs duties or other duties, such as excise and taxes, that are paid on imported goods when they are subsequently exported. It is after the materials are processed into finished goods. In other words, duties you paid earlier can be "drawn back" under certain conditions.The duty drawback scheme in India is designed to neutralise the burden of customs duty drawback. Put simply, the idea is that when inputs (raw materials, components, etc.) are taxed on import, that burden should be removed (or partly removed) when they contribute to export goods so that Indian exports can remain globally competitive.Types/Categories of DrawbackTo suit different export situations, there are different types and forms of duty drawback under the Customs Act. This ensures that every exporter, whether relying on standard industry rates or claiming actual duty paid, has a fair mechanism to recover costs.1. All Industry Rate (AIR) / All Industry DrawbackThis refers to the standard or average rate that is fixed on a broad range of products. Exporters can claim this without needing brand-specific computations. Here are some things to know:The drawback rates under the AIR are periodically notified. It is often based on the average duty burden on inputs for that specific product class. Under the Drawback Rules, AIR cannot exceed 33% of the market price of the export goods.It also includes end-to-end electronic processing of duty drawbacks. Producing separate documentary evidence for the realisation of proceeds is not needed. 2. Brand Rate / Special Brand RateIn cases where the actual input duty of an exporter exceeds the AIR, exporters can apply for a brand rate or a special brand rate, which is ideally tailored to their cost structure. The local customs commissioners set the brand rates. The brand rate requires submitting detailed computations and proof of duty paid on inputs. Customs authorities review and fix the rate.The brand rate duty drawback gets disbursed electronically directly to the exporter's account. 3. Drawback on Re-Export Whether the imported goods are processed slightly or not at all, if they are re-exported, a drawback can be claimed under Section 74. This reimburses the import duty drawback.According to Section 74, a refund of up to 98% of the import duty can be claimed.What Are the Benefits of Duty Drawback?The duty drawback scheme is not simply a refund; it is an important policy designed to streamline operations. The objectives include:Boosting ExportsExporters can significantly reduce their cost base as well as offer more competitive prices in global markets through cost-effective measures.Avoidance of Double TaxationIf duty drawbacks did not exist, the exporter would have to pay both import duties and export duties. Drawback helps neutralise that aspect. Promoting Value-AdditionThe duty drawback scheme encourages domestic manufacturing that utilises imported inputs, as the duty burden is mitigated. Balancing Fiscal IncentivesThe government uses drawbacks as one among many export incentive schemes to promote trade without blanket exemptions.Provides Clarity and Promotes PredictabilityThe Customs Act and the Drawback Rules help create a statutory framework that enables exporters to know when and how drawback can be claimed. Duty drawbacks play a quite important role in India's foreign trade and customs policy regime. Eligibility Criteria: Who Can Claim Duty Drawback?Several conditions apply when claiming customs duty drawbacks. Below are typical eligibility criteria:The goods must be exported from an Indian port / customs station. The export must originate from India.The claim must be related to imported or excisable domestic materials on which customs or excise duty has already been paid.If the exported goods are manufactured, there should be value addition (i.e., the export value must not be less than the cost of imported inputs in most straightforward cases).Sale proceeds of export must be realised (in foreign exchange) and repatriated to India within the prescribed time as per RBI/EXIM guidelines.Drawbacks will not be admissible for goods or categories that are excluded, such as exports to Bhutan or Nepal under special trade agreements, or those categories that are prohibited by notification.The claim must be filed within the prescribed time limit (often within 3 months of the Let Export Order, with extensions possible).Related - Key Difference Between Tax and Fee Explained SimplyHow to Claim Duty Drawback? Step-by-Step ExplanationClaiming the duty customs drawback is a time-bound, document-driven process. Here is a step-by-step breakdown of all the steps that are included to claim the duty drawback scheme:Step 1: Filing the Shipping Bill/Export DeclarationWhen goods are being exported, the exporter can file a shipping bill via Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). More often, the shipping bill itself acts like a drawback claim. The exporter indicates the intention to avail a customs drawback (AIR or Brand Duty Drawback Rate).Step 2: Document SubmissionThe documents that are necessary to claim under the duty drawback scheme include:Copy of shipping bill (triplicate)Copy of the bill of entryInvoice of importProof of the duty paid on the importsRe-export approval from the Reserve Bank of India.Airway Bill/Bill of Lading copyBank-certified invoices copyCopy of AR-4Manufacturing/processing recordsCertificate or declaration regarding non-availment of ITC / GST credit (if applicable)Export invoice and packing list.Modvat DeclarationBank acknowledgement cardStep 3: Verification by Customs/Drawback AuthoritiesThe customs authorities will verify the claim. It also involves checking documents, after which it will be approved, adjusted, or rejected. However, selected claims are subject to audit and physical verification as part of a risk management system.Step 4: Fixation of Brand Rate (if applicable)If AIR is inadequate or not available, the exporter must apply for brand rate fixation, supplying detailed computations. Customs will scrutinise and fix a duty drawback rate.Step 5: Disbursement Upon approval, the drawback will be credited either via NEFT or RTGS to the exporter's bank account. The EDI systems and custom banks coordinate it.Step 6: Time Limits and ExtensionsThe claims must be filed within three months of the date of the Let Export order. The Assistant/Deputy Commissioner may grant an extension of up to 3 months; the Principal Commissioner may grant further extensions of up to 6 months.If the application is incomplete, customs may issue a deficiency memo; the exporter must respond within 30 days.Step 7: Supplementary ClaimsSupplementary claims are generally not allowed in most cases.Step 8: DisputeIf the drawback claim is delayed or rejected, exporters may also appeal to higher customs authorities. For non-credit of drawback, they may check with customs/banks. (ICEGATE has a "Drawback Enquiry" mechanism).How to Calculate Duty Drawback on Export?Now that you are aware of the eligibility and the process to apply for duty drawback, here is how to calculate duty drawback on exports. Step 1: Determine which duties will be eligible. Step 2: Determine how much duty was paid on each imported input (raw materials, components) actually used in the exported product.Step 3: Multiply the duty borne by the applicable drawback percentage. However, it is necessary to make sure that the duty drawback does not exceed the cap.Step 4: For re-export cases where goods were used, a time-based reduction is applied.Step 5: If some portion is disallowed (per rules, notifications, or adjustments), subtract it.Simplify the Duty Drawback Procedure with WareIQWareIQ's smart shipping solution helps eCommerce brands minimise cost leakages caused by RTOs, fake delivery attempts in NDR, weight reconciliation issues, and more. Our solution also offers prompt support for handling urgent client escalations, ensuring smooth operations at all times.Our solution offers the following capabilities:Multi-carrier engine enabling fast deliveries across 24,000+ pin codesControl Tower & automated workflows to minimise NDRs & RTOsSame/Next-day delivery courier optionsSeamless Integration with your WMS, ERPs and StorefrontsShipping Badges to display precise Estimated Delivery Dates (EDD)Custom-branded tracking pages, as well as notifications, to enhance customer experienceConclusionIn order to boost export competitiveness in the Indian commerce landscape, the duty drawback scheme plays an essential role by refunding duties that will eventually lead to cost inflation. Exporters must understand duty drawback, its process, and the eligibility to ensure complete compliance. It is also about reclaiming legitimate refunds that can improve margins and cash flow. For exporters, staying informed as well as filing claims correctly can turn what often feels like a complex process into a strategic advantage, especially in the international marketplace.FAQs About Duty Drawback SchemeWhat is a duty drawback in exports?Duty drawback can also be referred to as the refund of customs duties, excise, or service tax which are to be paid on imported inputs used in the manufacture of goods that are later exported. It helps reduce export costs and makes Indian goods more competitive on the global market.What is the main objective of the duty drawback scheme?The scheme's primary objective is to encourage exports by refunding duties paid on inputs, thereby eliminating the double taxation burden on exporters.How is customs duty drawback different from GST refunds?Customs duty drawback specifically covers customs duties on imports, while GST refunds pertain to the reimbursement of input tax credit or IGST paid on exports.What is the difference between the All Industry Rate and the Brand Rate?AIR is a standard rate applicable across industries. At the same time, the Brand Rate is a customised refund calculated for a specific exporter when the actual duties paid differ significantly from the AIR.

November 17, 2025

The Evolution of Logistics: From Manual to Digital

India’s logistics sector, fuelling trade from Mumbai’s ports to Jaipur’s markets, has undergone a remarkable transformation. The evolution of logistics has shifted from manual cart-based transport to AI-driven supply chains, reshaping how goods move. India's logistics market, valued at ₹9 trillion (USD 107.16 billion) in FY23, is projected to grow significantly to ₹13.4 trillion (USD 159.54 billion) by FY28, achieving a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8-9%, according to a 2024 report by Motilal Oswal. This growth is driven by structural shifts, technological advancements, and government initiatives focused on reducing logistics costs and improving infrastructure. The history of logistics reveals a story of innovation, adaptation, and technological leaps that continue to redefine efficiency.This blog dives deep into the evolution of logistics management, tracing its origins, key stages, and future prospects. Whether you ship textiles or electronics, grasp how logistics evolved, who shaped it, and what lies ahead with drone logistics and beyond. The Origin and History of LogisticsThe history of logistics began with military operations, long before it became a business cornerstone. Armies needed to move supplies, troops, and equipment efficiently to succeed in battles. No single founder of logistics or father of logistics exists, as the concept evolved through collective efforts. This military focus laid the foundation for modern logistics, shaping how goods move today.The Term “Logistics” EmergesThe word “logistics” comes from the French term logistique, introduced by Swiss military officer Antoine-Henri Jomini. In his 1830 book, Summary of the Art of War, Jomini defined it as managing army supplies and troop movements. The term derives from logis, meaning “lodgings”, reflecting the organisation of resources for soldiers. This marked a formal recognition of logistics as a critical process.Ancient Beginnings Before JominiThe concept of logistics predates Jomini’s definition. In ancient Persia, around 550 BCE, Cyrus the Great created supply networks for military campaigns. These systems ensured food and weapons reached troops across vast regions, forming a foundational logistics background. This early innovation influenced trade and military strategies worldwide, including in India.Logistics in Ancient IndiaIn India, the Mauryan Empire (322–185 BCE) developed sophisticated supply systems for trade and military needs. Kautilya’s Arthashastra documented existing trade routes in the Arthashastra, and Chandragupta Maurya actively built/maintained the Grand Trunk Road (Uttarapatha), which was approximately 2,600 km long. Food, weapons, and resources moved across regions, supporting bustling markets. These early systems highlight India’s historical role in the evolution of logistics.Medieval Trade and Manual LogisticsBy the Middle Ages, Indian ports like Calicut became hubs for the spice trade with Europe. Logistics relied on manual methods, such as camel caravans and ships, without integrated systems. Goods moved slowly, and coordination was minimal, driven by demand rather than strategy. This era underscores the labour-intensive nature of early logistics in India’s trade landscape.No Single Visionary LeaderThe absence of a master general of logistics reflects logistics as a collective evolution. No individual visionary drove its development; instead, necessity and innovation shaped it over centuries. From Persian supply lines to Mauryan trade routes, logistics grew organically. This collective progress laid the groundwork for modern systems, adapting to India’s growing trade demands.Who Shaped Logistics?While no individual is the father of logistics, several figures contributed significantly:Cyrus the Great: Pioneered supply chains in Persia, influencing early trade systems.Antoine-Henri Jomini: Formalised the term logistique, linking it to military strategy.Augustine Warner Robins: Known as the father of logistics in the US Air Force, he developed supply systems in the 1930s, per a 1997 USAF report.Kautilya: In India, his Arthashastra outlined resource management, shaping trade logistics.These contributors, alongside technological and economic shifts, drove the evolution of logistics, making it a cornerstone of global trade.Key Stages in the Evolution of LogisticsThe evolution of logistics management unfolded through distinct stages, each marked by innovation. Below are detailed phases, explained for Indian businesses, from Kochi’s spice traders to Gurgaon’s e-commerce firms.Stage 1: Manual Logistics (Pre-1800)Logistics relied on human and animal labour, with no formal systems. In India, bullock carts and porters moved goods like cotton from Surat to ports. Records were manual, using ledgers, leading to errors and delays. Trade routes, like those in the Mauryan era, depended on physical infrastructure, costing 20% of goods’ value, per a 1970 RBI study. This era lacked coordination, with no concept of supply chains.Example: A Kolkata merchant in 1700 waited weeks for jute to reach Bombay, relying on handwritten notes and slow carts.Stage 2: Industrial Logistics (1800–1975)The Industrial Revolution introduced steamships and railways, transforming logistics. In India, Bombay’s railways in the 1850s significantly reduced transport times. Warehouses emerged, but operations remained fragmented. The focus was on physical distribution, with minimal integration. 1966: First containerised freight service between Bombay (Mumbai) and Ahmedabad by Indian Railways1973: First ISO container handled in KochiExample: A Delhi textile exporter in 1900 used trains but tracked shipments via telegrams, facing frequent miscommunication.Stage 3: Integrated Logistics (1975–1990)Businesses began coordinating transport, warehousing, and inventory. In India, basic IT systems, like those at Mumbai’s ports, improved record-keeping, cutting costs by 10%. The evolution of logistics saw early automation, with computers managing stock. Companies like Tata adopted integrated systems, boosting efficiency by 15%. However, siloed operations hindered full supply chain synergy.Example: A Bangalore electronics firm in 1980 used software for inventory but relied on manual transport scheduling, causing delays.Stage 4: Joint Logistics (1990–2000)Globalisation intensified competition, requiring supply chain alliances. Indian exporters, like Tirupur’s textile units, collaborated with suppliers, reducing lead times by 20%. Reverse logistics emerged, recycling packaging to save 5% of costs, per a 1995 study. The evolution of logistics management focused on cooperation, with firms sharing data to meet demand. This era marked the shift to customer-centric logistics.Example: A Chennai auto parts maker in 1995 partnered with transporters, ensuring timely deliveries to global clients.Stage 5: Collaborative Supply Chain (2000–2010)ERP systems revolutionised logistics by enabling real-time data sharing. In India, Delhi’s FMCG sector used ERP to streamline flows, improving efficiency by 15%. The evolution of logistics integrated external partners, like suppliers and retailers, enhancing visibility. Software like SAP helped firms manage complex supply chains, reducing errors by 25%. This stage bridged internal and external operations.Example: A Hyderabad pharma company in 2005 used ERP to track shipments, ensuring medicines reached rural areas faster.Stage 6: Digital Logistics (2010–Present)AI, IoT, and Big Data redefined logistics. Bangalore’s e-commerce firms track deliveries in real time, saving 30% on costs, per FarEye 2024. IoT sensors in Chennai’s cold chains cut spoilage by 15%, while AI in Gurgaon’s warehouses reduces inventory costs by 25%. India's logistics costs as a percentage of GDP are estimated at 7.8-8.9% (2021-22), down from 8.7-9.9% in 2011-12, according to NCAER assessments. The evolution of logistics management now prioritises speed, transparency, and sustainability.Example: A Mumbai retailer in 2023 uses AI to predict demand, ensuring same-day deliveries and happy customers.Layman Example: Picture a Kochi fish vendor noting sales in a diary. Today, they use an app to track stock and deliveries, like ordering supplies instantly. This mirrors the evolution of logistics, from slow, manual processes to fast, digital systems.Current Trends in LogisticsThe evolution of logistics continues, driven by technology and consumer needs. Key trends in India include:E-commerce Boom: Last-mile delivery optimisation platforms report delivery time improvements of 20-30%.Green Logistics: Electric vehicles in Delhi reduce emissions by 20%.Big Data: Mumbai’s route optimisation saves ₹500 per trip.Automation: Robotics in Pune’s warehouses boost efficiency by 30%.These trends reflect how the history of logistics adapts to modern demands, ensuring faster, sustainable operations.The Future of LogisticsWhat lies ahead for the evolution of logistics? Emerging technologies promise further transformation:Drone Logistics: TechEagle has conducted successful drone delivery trials in Telangana, reducing delivery times to 20-30 minutes for medical supplies across eight healthcare institutions. Industry forecasts suggest drones could handle approximately 30% of quick commerce deliveries in major Indian cities by 2027, with operating costs 40-70% lower than traditional delivery methods.Autonomous Vehicles: Self-driving trucks, tested in Gujarat, may cut transport costs by 25%.Blockchain: Transparent tracking in Chennai’s supply chains could reduce fraud by 15%.AI and IoT: Predictive analytics will save ₹1000 crore annually for e-commerce by 2028, per FICCI 2024.The evolution of logistics management will focus on scalability and sustainability, with India leading in drone logistics and digital innovation.Empower Your Logistics with WareIQ’s ExpertiseTo thrive in the evolution of logistics, partner with cutting-edge platforms. WareIQ, a Y Combinator-backed e-commerce fulfilment solution, empowers Indian businesses to navigate digital logistics seamlessly. Whether you are a spice trader in Madurai or a gadget seller in Gurgaon, WareIQ optimises your supply chain.WareIQ offers:Nationwide Network: 12+ city fulfilment centres ensure 24-hour deliveries.AI-Driven Insights: Inventory LogIQ predicts demand, cutting costs by 20%.Real-Time Tracking: Monitor shipments, reducing delays by 30%.Drone Integration: Pilot programmes align with drone logistics, boosting speed.Compliance Support: Navigate GST and trade laws effortlessly.With WareIQ, harness the evolution of logistics to scale and compete globally.Final ThoughtsThe evolution of logistics is a testament to human ingenuity, from ancient Persia’s supply lines to India’s AI-driven supply chains. With no single father of logistics, figures like Jomini and Kautilya shaped its history of logistics. From manual carts to drone logistics, each stage—manual, industrial, integrated, joint, collaborative, and digital—has enhanced efficiency. Today, India’s ₹15 trillion logistics market thrives on digital tools, with future innovations like drones and blockchain set to redefine it. Businesses embracing this evolution of logistics management will lead in a competitive, sustainable future.FAQs About the Evolution of LogisticsWhat are the main stages of logistics evolution?Logistics evolved through six stages: manual (pre-1800), industrial (1800-1975), integrated (1975-1990), joint (1990-2000), collaborative (2000-2010), and digital (2010-present). Each stage introduced technologies that reduced costs and improved efficiency.How has technology transformed logistics in India?From bullock carts to AI-driven systems, Indian logistics shifted from manual tracking to real-time IoT monitoring, reducing costs from 14% to 10% of GDP. Railways cut transport time by 50%, while containerisation standardised shipping.Who shaped modern logistics development?Key figures include Cyrus the Great (Persian supply chains), Antoine-Henri Jomini (logistics terminology), Kautilya (Indian trade routes), and Augustine Warner Robins (US Air Force logistics systems).How does digital logistics differ from traditional methods?Digital logistics uses AI, IoT, and big data for real-time tracking, predictive demand, and autonomous operations. This reduces logistics costs by 30%, improves delivery accuracy by 25%, and enables same-day deliveries.What role do drones play in the evolution of logistics?Drones represent Stage 7 of logistics evolution: autonomous delivery systems. They exemplify how technology continues transforming last-mile delivery, reducing costs by 40-70% and achieving delivery times 20x faster than traditional methods.

November 14, 2025

HTS Explained: What Is the Harmonised Tariff Schedule?

From the outside, global trade may appear simple and smooth, but there are several rules governing every product that crosses borders and is transported from one country to another. One of the key frameworks that governs imports in the United States of America is the HTS, or its full form, Harmonised Tariff Schedule. As per the United States International Trade Commission, HTS is based on the Harmonised tariff System, which is essentially the global system of nomenclature applied to almost all world trade in goods. Since it directly impacts businesses, consumers, and global supply chains, importers and exporters have to understand what it is and its significance. In this article, we will break down what the HTS code is, why it matters and its structure.What is HTS?HTS, also known as the Harmonised Tariff System, is the U.S. system used for classifying imported goods. It is primarily based on the Harmonised System Code (HS), which has been developed meticulously by the World Customs Organisation (WCO). HTS is used in more than 200 countries and territories. While the HS tariff number provides the first six digits of classification, the United States extends it to a 10-digit number, known as the HTS code, for more specific categorisation.To put it simply, HTS is a universal language used in international trade and commerce. Customs authorities will not have a standardised way to determine the duty amount or tax that is to be applied to different goods without HTS.Every HTS code begins with the HS tariff number, which is the internationally recognised 6-digit sequence. The U.S. then adds four additional digits for greater precision.For example:HS Code (6 digits): 6403.59 → Footwear with outer soles of rubberHTS Code (10 digits): 6403.59.9080 → Specifically, footwear covering the ankleStructure of an HTS CodeTo a layman, the HTS code can look like some random numbers, but every digit in the HTS code has a very specific meaning. The structure is designed to move from broad categories to highly specific details, ensuring accurate classification of goods for customs and trade purposes.1. First two digits – Chapter (general category of goods)2. Next two digits – Heading (subcategory)3. Next two digits – Subheading (finer details, international level)4. Last four digits – U.S. national subdivisions for greater accuracyHTS vs HS: What is the Difference?It is quite common to get confused between HS tariff numbers and HTS codes. Both codes are used to classify products in international commerce; however, they are not the same. The HS is the global standard, while the HTS is the U.S. extension of it. Here's a side-by-side comparison to make the difference clear.FeatureHS (Harmonized System)HTS (Harmonized Tariff Schedule)DefinitionAn international system for classifying goods, maintained by the World Customs Organization (WCO).The U.S. adaptation of the HS, extended for domestic tariff and statistical purposes.Digits6 digits10 digitsCoverageUsed globally by more than 200 countries and economies.Used only in the United States.PurposeProvides a standardised global classification of products.Determines U.S. import duties, tariffs, and trade data.AuthorityWorld Customs Organization (WCO).The U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC) maintains it; U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) enforces it.Level of DetailGeneral classification up to 6 digits.More detailed classification up to 10 digits, specific to U.S. trade requirements.ExampleHS Code: 6403.59 → Footwear with outer soles of rubber.HTS Code: 6403.59.9080 → Footwear covering the ankle, other.Who Manages the HTS?The United States International Trade Commission is responsible for maintaining and publishing the Harmonised Tariff Schedule in the United States. Additionally, U.S. Customs and Border Protection ensures that it is used and followed during import inspections as well as duty assessments.Why HTS Codes Matter in Global Trade?The HTS, or Harmonised Tariff Schedule, is not just bureaucratic. It has both financial and operational implications. Let us look at why HTS is important in the global trade landscape:Determination of Import DutiesHTS codes determine the duty rate applicable to imported goods. If the HTS code is misclassified, it can result in unnecessarily higher tariffs and, in some cases, even penalties. Compliance in Trade and SecurityCustoms authorities highly rely on the HTS code to screen the shipments for compliance, fraud prevention and even security checks. Using the correct code helps avoid audits, seizures, or reputational damage.Global Standardisation with Local PrecisionConsidering that the HTS codes are based on the Harmonised System code, they allow for global consistency while providing the ability to add detailed classification to the U.S. Leads to Efficient Supply ChainUsing correct HTS codes prevents delays at ports, as the customs clearance is much more streamlined. It is beneficial, as delays in clearance can cost companies millions of dollars every year in lost efficiency and storage charges.Trade Agreements QualificationFTAs, or Free Trade Agreements, also rely on accurate product classification. With an incorrect HTS code, it is possible to miss out on duty-free benefits that have a direct impact on the profit margins.Data and Market InsightsHTS codes also feed into government trade statistics, which businesses and policymakers use to analyse import trends, track global demand, and forecast supply chain risks.Challenges in Using HTS CodesHTS codes are not always simple to use. Businesses and importers frequently encounter common hurdles that can lead to financial losses. Some challenges in using HTS codes are:HTS codes are revised annually, making it easy to fall behind.Some products may not fit neatly into one category.Determining the correct HTS code often requires a detailed analysis of the product.Errors can lead to higher duties, penalties, or shipment delays.Many businesses rely on customs brokers to avoid mistakes and incur additional costs.The extra digits beyond the HS can differ from one country to another.WareIQ Makes It Simple to Understand and Use the HTS CodeWareIQ's smart shipping solution helps eCommerce brands minimise cost leakages caused by RTOs, fake delivery attempts in NDR, weight reconciliation issues, and more. Our solution also offers prompt support for handling urgent client escalations, ensuring smooth operations at all times.Our solution offers the following capabilities:Multi-carrier engine enabling fast deliveries across 24,000+ pin codesControl Tower & automated workflows to minimise NDRs & RTOsSame/Next-day delivery courier optionsSeamless Integration with your WMS, ERPs and StorefrontsShipping Badges to display precise Estimated Delivery Dates (EDD)Custom-branded tracking pages, as well as notifications, to enhance customer experienceConclusionEach shipment or consignment that gets transported from one country to another tells a story when it comes to global trade, and the HTS code serves as its identifier. HTS codes are not just random numbers; they help determine tariffs, influence the supply chain, and aid in shaping the compliance strategy. Knowing and understanding the correct HTS code is crucial for importers, as it will lead to faster clearance, better cost control, and, mainly, improved access to international markets. Mastering the harmonised tariff schedule is no longer optional; it is a necessity for staying ahead in cross-border business.Also check - What Is a Customs Tariff? Types and How They WorkFAQs About HTS What does HTS stand for in trade?HTS stands for Harmonised Tariff Schedule, the official system used by the United States to classify imported goods. It assigns a unique 10-digit code to each product, which determines the amount of duty or tariff applied to it.How often are HTS codes updated?HTS codes get updated at least once a year, but at times, it can be more frequent, to reflect changes in trade laws, tariff negotiations, or the introduction of new product categories into the market.Do HTS codes impact free trade agreement eligibility?Yes. Many FTAs require goods to be classified under specific HTS codes to qualify for preferential duty rates. An incorrect code could mean missing out on reduced or zero tariffs.Are HTS codes the same as tariff numbers?Yes, HTS codes are often referred to as U.S. tariff numbers since they are used to determine the tariffs or duties applied to imported goods.

November 13, 2025

ASN Full Form: What Is an Advanced Shipping Notice?

As an e-commerce business, there is a lot to plan, including warehouse staff, inventory forecasts, and dock scheduling. All these aspects can go haywire when the seller tells you, "Your shipment is on the way." There are no further details for you to plan further action. In contrast, when you get an ASN, you receive an early, data-rich alert of what's coming, when, and how it's packaged. The full form for ASN is Advanced Shipping Notice. It has been found that getting ASN can help reduce receiving costs by almost 40%. This proves that ASN in logistics can be a powerful tool.Today, we will explain the ASN full form, the role of ASN in supply chain and logistics, and provide practical tips for its implementation.What is ASN? (ASN Full Form and Definition)Let us first begin with the ASN full form:ASN stands for Advanced or Advanced Shipping Notice and is also represented as EDI 856 in the supply chain systems of the ANSI X12 transaction set version for "Ship Notice / Manifest".What is an Advanced Shipping Notice?ASN, or Advanced Shipping Notice, is a digital message or document sent by the supplier, shipper, or a third-party logistics (3PL) provider. It is sent to the buyer or the consignee before the physical arrival of the goods occurs.The sole purpose is to provide detailed information about an impending shipment to the buyer/recipient so that they can prepare accordingly. Key features of an ASN include:It is "advance", meaning the notice is given before delivery, enabling planning. If the shipment arrives before ASN, much of its benefit is lost.It contains shipment metadata (dates, carrier, IDs), packaging and contents breakdown, quantities, weights, and other logistical details.It often integrates with the ERP, WMS, or SCM systems of the receiver, allowing receiving operations to be automated or streamlined.It is usually transmitted electronically (via EDI, XML, or API) to reduce manual work and errors.ASN works as a proactive communication tool that bridges the gap between shipment dispatch and delivery.Components of an ASN: What Must It Include?Not all ASNs need to be identical. However, it needs to align with the trading partner and, as per industry standards. However, certain elements are always needed. Here is the breakdown of ASN components:Component / FieldPurpose / What It ContainsShipment header infoShipment ID, date/time, carrier, Bill of Lading or PRO number, origin & destination address, mode of transportPurchase Order referenceThe PO number or reference that this shipment is fulfillingItem/line-level detailsSKU or part number, description, quantities shipped, units of measure, lot/serial numbers if applicablePackaging hierarchyHow items are packed (whether it is cartons or pallets), carton ID, weight, dimensions, and palletization structureExpected delivery/scheduling infoEstimated arrival date/time, any delivery window constraintsLogistics & carrier detailsCarrier name, routing instructions, tracking numbers, shipping methodReturnable containers / packagingInfo on reusable packaging or returnable containers, if relevantCumulative / previous receipt infoIn some systems (e.g., Oracle), cumulative quantities already received vs. what is incomingBilling or invoice fields (optional)Some ASNs include invoice or tax details, so that when they’re accepted, invoice creation can be automatedWho Uses Advanced Shipping Notice?As ASN is used across different industries, some of the common use cases are:E-Commerce & Retail: Retail chains need suppliers to send across ASN so that the distribution centres or stores can align receiving schedules and avoid shipment surprises.Third-Party Logistics (3PLs): 3PL or Third-Party Logistics providers send or integrate ASNs on behalf of their clients to coordinate inbound and outbound loads.Drop-ship / Direct-to-consumer: In drop-ship models, retailers expect suppliers or marketplaces to send ASNs so that the retailer and customer can track the shipment.Cross-border / Import / Export: For global trade, ASNs may include customs, compliance, and traceability data to help receivers prepare for import clearance.Manufacturing / Just-in-Time (JIT): Manufacturers rely on ASN to ensure that parts arrive just-in-time, thereby minimising inventory holding.Why Is ASN Important in Supply Chain & Logistics?Using ASN is beneficial for both suppliers and buyers. Let us look at how ASN is important in supply chain and logistics:Better Visibility and PlanningWith ASN, buyers can gain better visibility into the contents of incoming shipments. It contains information about the items, the number of items and how those items are packaged. Being aware of such details allows warehouses or DC teams to reserve dock space, schedule receiving windows, allocate storage and also plan labour. ASN helps buyers to be proactive rather than reactive. Minimum Error and Faster ProcessingThe Advanced Shipment Notice has the complete breakdown of shipment contents and barcoding/palletisation details. Hence, receivers can match what arrives with the ASN, scan pallets and containers and reconcile discrepancies automatically. It will help reduce human errors and save time on manual data entry and verification. Inventory Accuracy and ForecastingSince the incoming goods are pre-notified, systems can reflect "in-transit inventory" accurately. It will assist in allocating and reserving goods before they actually land. It will lead to improved inventory accuracy and also prevent bottlenecks, such as stockouts and overstock.Improved Supplier Collaboration & AccountabilityThe primary objective of ASN in logistics is to strengthen the communication pipeline between the buyer and supplier. An error or mismatch between the ASN and the actual receipt can lead the buyer to trigger an application advice or a corrective notice back to the supplier. Compliance & Trading Partner RequirementsMajor logistics networks and retailers mandate ASN or EDI 856. It is a precondition for accepting shipments. If a supplier fails to send an ASN, they may face penalties or have their receipts refused. Best Practices to Maximise ASN BenefitsTo make the most of the ASN in supply chain or ASN in logistics, it is necessary to follow better practices, such as:Use a commonly accepted EDI standard (X12 856, EDIFACT DESADV) and make sure both parties adhere to it.Begin with a core set of ASN fields (shipment ID, PO reference, packing breakdown, and quantities) and gradually expand optional fields (such as traceability, container reuse, etc.).The buyer's system should validate incoming ASNs immediately, flag any errors, and provide feedback to suppliers before the shipment's arrival.Ensure your Warehouse Management System or ERP can ingest ASN and automate it into your receiving workflows. For instance, Oracle supports the use of validated ASNs to automatically create receipts.Monitor real-time compliance by tracking the percentage of shipments with valid ASNs, average error rates, and exceptions handled, among other key metrics.Some advanced operations use ASN data to pre-stage inventory, cross-dock, or route items directly to outbound lanes, bypassing full put-awayUtilise analytics on ASN vs. receipt mismatches to identify systemic issues with suppliers or packaging and make improvements over time.International Trade Terms Simplified With WareIQWareIQ's smart shipping solution helps eCommerce brands minimise cost leakages caused by RTOs, fake delivery attempts in NDR, weight reconciliation issues, and more. Our solution also offers prompt support for handling urgent client escalations, ensuring smooth operations at all times.Our solution offers the following capabilities:Multi-carrier engine enabling fast deliveries across 24,000+ pin codesControl Tower & automated workflows to minimise NDRs & RTOsSame/Next-day delivery courier optionsSeamless Integration with your WMS, ERPs and StorefrontsShipping Badges to display precise Estimated Delivery Dates (EDD)Custom-branded tracking pages and notifications to enhance customer experienceConclusionTo conclude, the full form of ASN, Advanced Shipping Notice, is not just like other paperwork needed in international trade. It is foresight in action. ASN provides a clear view of what is arriving and when, making it quite useful for the retail and e-commerce industry. It turns uncertainty into preparedness, making supply chains smarter, faster, and far more reliable.FAQs About ASN - Advance Shipping NoticeWhy is an Advance Shipping Notice important in supply chain management?An Advance Shipping Notice is important because it provides buyers with visibility into incoming shipments, enabling them to plan labour, dock schedules, and inventory management.What information does an ASN typically include?An ASN usually includes shipment details such as purchase order number, carrier information, packaging hierarchy, item descriptions, quantities, weights, and expected delivery dates.Who is responsible for sending an ASN?The supplier, manufacturer, or logistics provider responsible for shipping the goods is usually the one who generates and sends the ASN to the buyer.Can ASN improve warehouse efficiency?Yes, ASN improves warehouse efficiency by allowing teams to pre-plan receiving, allocate storage space, and match items against expected shipments quickly.

November 12, 2025

CFR Full Form and Its Importance in International Trade (Cost and Freight)

Every industry has its own shorthand and abbreviations used to simplify work. International trade is no exception. If you have ever come across CFR in a shipping contract and wondered what it means, you are not alone. CFR, the full form being Cost and Freight, may seem like simple terms, but there is much to consider when it comes to global trade.About 11 billion tonnes of goods get transported by sea, according to UNCTAD. This volume makes maritime trade the lifeblood of international commerce. In this massive ecosystem, even a small misinterpretation of terms like 'CFR shipping' or 'what is CFR in shipping' can cost companies millions in freight cost overruns, insurance gaps, or delayed deliveries.In this article, we will break down the CFR's full form in the context of export, its meaning, and its significance in detail.What Is CFR? (CFR Full Form & Meaning in Shipping)CFR Full FormCFR's full form is Cost and Freight; CFR is an Incoterms full form, where Incoterms are essentially International Commercial Terms, which are published by the (ICC) International Chamber of Commerce. Under CFR, a seller is responsible for arranging and paying for the transportation of goods via sea. The consignment will be sent to the buyer's preferred port of destination. What Is Freight Cost, and What Is Its Role under CFR?Freight cost is at the core when it comes to CFR (Cost and Freight). In simple terms, freight cost refers to the charges imposed by a carrier for transporting goods from the origin to the destination.It typically covers fuel, vessel operations, port handling, canal/lock fees, etc. However, in the CFR shipping arrangement, the seller covers the freight cost up to the port of destination. Thus, freight cost is a significant component of the total price paid by the buyer.Why is Freight Cost Important in CFR?As the seller pays the freight cost, it is necessary for the seller to carefully estimate and include it in the selling price. If it is not included in the selling price, unexpected cost escalations can erode margins. From the buyer's perspective, even though freight is "paid", they face risks during transit. Hence, buyers may still opt to insure the goods from loading to unloading. As the buyer does not have to source the freight; the freight cost under CFR makes the offer much more attractive. However, the buyer must also manage downstream costs. It is therefore essential to understand the meaning of freight cost and to incorporate it correctly, as this matters to both buyers and sellers.CFR Shipping Terms: Key ObligationsSmooth international trade occurs when there is clarity about who pays for what and when. Under CFR shipping terms, these obligations are clearly divided between the seller and buyer. Knowing and understanding the roles will help to prevent costly disputes and will facilitate smoother trade operations. Here is the breakdown:Seller's Obligations under CFRWhile the seller covers the initial freight cost, the risk will shift once the goods get loaded into the vessel. Here are the obligations that have to be fulfilled by the seller:Export Packaging and DocumentationIt is the seller's responsibility to package the goods safely for international transport. Another necessity is to provide key documents such as the commercial invoice, bill of lading and packing list.Customs Clearance in the Exporting CountryThe seller also has to obtain a licence, permits and complete export customs clearance formalities.Inland Transport to Port of OriginThe seller must also arrange and pay for the movement of goods from the factory or warehouse to the loading port.Loading CostsThe handling and loading costs of goods from the port of origin are to be borne by the seller.Freight Cost PaymentA core part of the CFR shipping terms is that the seller books and pays the sea freight to the destination port.Shipment ProofThe seller must provide evidence (usually via a bill of lading or onboard certificate) that goods were loaded and shipped.Buyer's Obligations under CFRThe buyer's responsibilities under CFR shipping terms begin the moment the cargo is loaded on the vessel at the origin port. Here are the buyer's obligations:Insurance CoverageAccording to the CFR shipping terms, the buyer is required to take out marine insurance for the goods, which will help protect against loss or damage during transit.Risk Assumption at LoadingOnce the goods are on board at the port of origin, the buyer bears the risk, even though the seller still pays the freight charges.Cost of UnloadingThe unloading charges have to be borne by the buyer. Other charges include terminal handling fees and other port-related expenses.Import Customs ClearanceHandling import documentation, paying duties, VAT, and other taxes at the destination country are roles that have to be handled by the buyer.Inland TransportationThe cost of transporting the goods from the destination port to the final warehouse must be covered by the buyer. Communication & Documentation ComplianceThe buyer must ensure the timely receipt and handling of documents provided by the seller (such as the bill of lading) to facilitate the smooth collection of the shipment.Importance of CFR in International TradeSince a large portion of the goods is moved by sea, having clear CFR shipping terms leads to smooth transactions. One such essential term that importers and exporters must be aware of is the CFR full form in the context of export and import, along with the CFR shipping terms. Here is why CFR is essential in international trade:CFR shipping ensures the seller pays the freight cost up to the destination port, while the buyer handles insurance, unloading, and import duties. This transparency reduces disputes over hidden costs.By specifying that risk transfers when goods are loaded at the origin port, CFR shipping terms clearly define liability, enabling both parties to plan their insurance and risk coverage strategies effectively.As one of the official Incoterms, the CFR full form creates a universal standard recognised worldwide, making cross-border contracts easier to negotiate and enforce.Offering goods under CFR shipping can make sellers more attractive, as they simplify logistics for buyers and present all-in-one pricing (including freight cost).Since sellers manage the sea freight, buyers don't need to negotiate shipping themselves, saving time, especially in markets where sellers have stronger carrier networks.CFR allows buyers to choose their own insurance provider, rather than relying on the seller's coverage, giving them more control over risk protection.Suggested - ASN Full Form: What Is an Advanced Shipping Notice?Get Clarity Over CFR and Other Trade-related Terms With WareIQ's AssistanceWareIQ's smart shipping solution helps eCommerce brands minimise cost leakages caused by RTOs, fake delivery attempts in NDR, weight reconciliation issues, and more. Our solution also offers prompt support for handling urgent client escalations, ensuring smooth operations at all times.Our solution offers the following capabilities:Multi-carrier engine enabling fast deliveries across 24,000+ pin codesControl Tower & automated workflows to minimise NDRs & RTOsSame/Next-day delivery courier optionsSeamless Integration with your WMS, ERPs and StorefrontsShipping Badges to display precise Estimated Delivery Dates (EDD)Custom-branded tracking pages and notifications to enhance customer experienceConclusionThe shipping industry is growing steadily and is becoming increasingly complex, too, with new systems being incorporated. With rising freight costs, changing customs procedures, and increasing trade volumes, it is crucial to understand the CFR full form and its associated shipping terms. For sellers, it offers a way to stay competitive by managing freight on behalf of buyers. For buyers, it can provide cost transparency while maintaining control over insurance and post-arrival logistics. Knowing and understanding the CFR meaning and application is more than a legal requirement; it provides protection against risk, acts as a driver of trust, and, importantly, is a cornerstone for smooth international commerce.FAQs About CFR Full FormWhat is the full form of CFR in shipping?CFR stands for Cost and Freight, an Incoterm where the seller pays for shipping the goods to the buyer's destination port, but the risk will get transferred when the goods are loaded onto the vessel.Is CFR recognised globally?Yes, CFR is an official Incoterm which is published by the International Chamber of Commerce. It is widely used in international trade contracts.Can CFR terms be used for hazardous or oversized cargo?Yes, CFR can be applied, but additional planning is required. Sellers may need to coordinate specialised freight carriers or obtain permits, and buyers should consider insurance coverage due to higher risk. Proper documentation becomes even more critical in such cases.What documentation is critical for buyers to claim goods under CFR?Documents that a buyer must receive are:Bill of lading (a proof that goods were loaded on the vessel)Commercial invoiceExport clearance certificatesPacking listAll these documents facilitate smooth customs clearance while ensuring the timely receipt of goods at the destination port.

November 11, 2025

Dead Stock: Meaning, Causes, and How to Deal With It

Inventory is rightly called the backbone of a business, but what if the inventory stops moving? This is what businesses refer to as dead stock. Dead stock can be referred to as products that are not being sold or are sitting idle in warehouses or on shelves. It drains resources instead of generating revenue. According to reports, even well-run companies often report that about 20 to 30% of their inventory is dead or obsolete. This ties up capital that could be invested in faster-moving, profitable products. Hence, businesses must understand the dead stock meaning, its causes, and the strategies that can be adopted to reduce dead stock levels. Understanding the Dead Stock MeaningDead stock, also known as dead inventory or obsolete stock, refers to products or stock that fail to sell and are most unlikely to sell in the future. Unlike returned stock, dead stock has never been sold to a customer.Some examples include seasonal items, outdated tech products, or products with an expired expiration date. Maintaining a dead stock register is a crucial task in inventory management, enabling businesses to track unsellable inventory.Proper dead stock analysis enables companies to distinguish between slow-moving items and truly obsolete stock, thereby improving decision-making and resource allocation.Why Must Businesses Know About Dead Stock?Dead stock is more than just inventory that remains unsold; it is a profit killer that can have a significant effect on a business's revenue. Understanding why dead stock matters helps businesses take proactive measures to minimise losses. Here is why dead stock matters:Ties Up CapitalThe items that are not sold represent money that you have spent, but it is not generating revenue. This frozen capital could otherwise be used to stock high-demand items, invest in marketing, or expand operations.Increases Storage CostsTo store products, businesses have to spend money. Any item that remains in the warehouse incurs associated costs, which include warehouse rent, insurance, utilities, and labour. Dead stock will, over time, increase expenses while not generating any revenue, which will have a negative impact on profit margins. Operational InefficiencyManaging excess inventory can take valuable time as well as resources. Staff will be stuck in tracking, moving, and monitoring dead stock, thereby diverting attention from more important operations.Obsolescence RiskIn most cases, any product that remains unsold for an extended period creates a risk of being outdated, damaged stock, or even expired stock. For example, in the fashion and electronics industries, items can lose relevance quickly, rendering inventory worthless.Opportunity CostDead stock occupies the shelf space in a warehouse that could have been used to house a fast-moving or revenue-generating item. This limits your ability to respond to market demand and maximise sales opportunities.What Are the Common Causes of Dead Stock?There is no single cause for a stock item to become dead stock. From misjudgement to overstocking, here are some of the most common causes of dead stock.1. Misaligned Market FitIf businesses store items that do not match a customer's preferences, they will remain unsold for months. Here is why it can happen:Incorrect timing or seasonality (e.g., winter jackets in spring).Features or designs that don't appeal to target customers.Pricing not aligned with perceived value.2. Overstocking & Excess OrdersFrom the fear of being understocked, businesses can unknowingly overstock items that will ultimately end up as dead stock. Here is why it can happen:Overestimating customer demand.Fear of stockouts leading to bulk purchases.Lack of real-time sales data to guide orders.3. Sales CannibalisationWhen new products are introduced to the market, businesses may end up storing excess inventory, which can overshadow their existing offerings. Here is why it can happen:Launching similar products without differentiation.Poor analysis of product overlap.Promotions favouring new items over existing stock.4. Defective, Damaged, or Low-Quality ProductsAt times, there are damaged stocks that do not meet quality standards, leading to the accumulation of dead stock. Even expired stock amplifies the volume of dead stock. Here is why stocks are in the damaged category:Packaging defects or mishandling during shippingManufacturing flawsCustomer rejection due to poor quality5. Changing Consumer Trends or TechnologyCustomer preferences are dynamic and can change with new fashion trends or seasonal shifts, resulting in old and outdated inventory becoming dead stock. Here is why it can happen:New technology replaces older models, making them outdated (e.g., electronics).Fashion trends keep changing faster than stock turnover.Customers preferring an updated look, design or features of a product.6. Supplier LimitationsRigid supplier policies can force overstocking and contribute to dead stock.When a supplier has minimum order limitations. The limitations are more than what is actually needed.Long lead times are preventing flexible ordering.Inability to return or exchange unsold items.7. Expired Stock or Seasonal ItemsOne of the causes of dead stock is the accumulation of inventory which is seasonal or near expiration. For example:Perishable goods have near expiry dates.Holiday-themed items remain unsold after the season.Limited-edition products eventually lose relevance over time.8. Manual Inventory ErrorsReliance on spreadsheets and manual tracking can lead to errors in stock management.Miscalculating the order quantities.Not being able to track slow-moving items.Human errors in recording sales and stock levels.How to Deal With Dead Stock: Proven StrategiesTo save money, free up warehouse space, and create profit opportunities, businesses must actively manage dead stock. Here are proven strategies:Offering deep discounts encourages the sale of slow-moving items, freeing up warehouse space for more profitable inventory.Pairing dead stock with popular items or offering them as gifts increases customer interest and reduces unsold inventoryDonate items to charitable organisations or recycle them responsibly. This approach may offer tax benefits and enhance brand reputation.Automated systems like inventory management software provide real-time data, track product performance, and prevent overstocking, minimising the risk of dead stock accumulation.Have periodic reviews of the inventory to identify slow-moving products, plan timely markdowns, and adjust purchasing strategies accordingly.Better Inventory Management With WareIQ to Avoid Dead StockWareIQ is a Y-Combinator-backed eCommerce full-stack platform offering multi-channel fulfillment across D2C, Marketplaces, Quick Commerce, and B2B (General Trade & Modern Trade)Our solution offers:Pan-India network of Seller Flex & FAssured compliant across 12+ cities operated by WareIQ, and shipping partners for last-mile delivery across 27000+ pin codesMulti-Channel Fulfilment Platform with plug-and-play integrations across marketplaces (Amazon, Flipkart, Myntra, Nykaa, etc.), D2C platforms (Shopify, Magento, WooCommerce, etc.), WMS, and ERPs, to support fulfilment across distributors, flagship stores and eCommerce channels with analytics capabilities to assess operational performanceInventory LogIQ: AI-led multi-channel inventory planning solution to minimise stockouts and automate replenishmentLeverage the tech-enabled returns QC solution to capture, centrally store, and auto-index HD media evidence of damaged or missing returned products and eliminate marketplace claims rejections.A host of seller enablement and support – dedicated account manager, APOB/PPOB registrations, GST registration, NDR & COD verification, etc.ConclusionDead stock is not just inventory that is not being sold due to several reasons; it is a hidden cost that drains resources, reduces operational efficiency, and, more importantly, ties up capital, thus impacting profit margins. Proactively analysing inventory, staying tuned to market trends, and leveraging technology not only minimises dead stock but also transforms inventory management into a competitive advantage. Considering how fast-paced the retail industry is, managing dead stock effectively is not just a good practice but an essential task for sustaining profitability, improving cash flow, and ensuring that every product in your warehouse contributes to growth.FAQs About Dead StockWhy is it important to identify dead stock?Identifying dead stock helps businesses minimise financial losses, free up storage space, and improve inventory turnover by focusing on products that generate revenue.What is a dead stock register, and why is it used?A dead stock register is a systematic record of all unsellable inventory. It helps track, monitor, and plan strategies for the disposal, sale, or donation of surplus or obsolete items.What is dead stock analysis, and why is it important?Dead stock analysis involves reviewing inventory to identify unsellable or slow-moving items. It enables businesses to make informed decisions on clearance, disposal, or purchase planning.Does technology play any role in managing dead stock?Yes, technology like inventory management software can give real-time tracking, sales data analysis, and alerts for slow-moving items, helping prevent dead stock accumulation.

November 10, 2025

Step-by-Step Guide to the Customs Clearance Procedure in India

For businesses, one of the most dreaded statuses is "Held at Customs". It can make you quite anxious in such situations. Every day the shipment is held back, businesses suffer heavy losses due to lost sales, increasing storage charges, and damaged client relationships. As per the World Bank's Logistics Performance Index 2023, India has ranked 38th globally, with efficient customs clearance being one of the key performance indicators which influences trade competitiveness.It is therefore necessary for businesses to understand customs clearance procedures, irrespective of whether you are an importer, exporter, or a business dealing with imported or exported goods. In this article, we provide a step-by-step guide to the customs clearance process in India, as well as discuss other key aspects, including the role of customs clearance agents, customs clearance documents, charges, and best practices.What is Customs Clearance?Customs clearance is a process by which goods (imported or exported) are checked, documented, and cleared by government authorities. It ensures:Duties and taxes are correctly assessed and collected.The goods comply with trade, safety, environmental, and other regulations.Illegal, misdeclared, or restricted items are prevented from entering or leaving.The customs clearance guidelines are governed by the Customs Act, 1962. Moreover, they are administered by the CBIC (Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs).The customs clearance procedure involves a sequential set of steps, from the arrival of goods to their release. Which Are the Key Stakeholders in the Customs Clearance Process?Several parties are involved in the customs clearance procedure. Before we begin to follow the steps, it is necessary to know the key stakeholders, such as:Importer / Exporter: The party owning or commissioning the goods.Carrier / Shipping Line / Airline: Responsible for filing the manifest (IGM/EGM) and bringing the goods to port.Customs House Agent (CHA) / Customs Clearance Agent: Licensed intermediary who handles paperwork, liaison, and formalities on behalf of the importer/exporter.Customs Authority: The government entity (under the Central Board of Indirect Taxes & Customs) that inspects, evaluates, and clears goods.Custodian / Warehouse / Port Authority: Handles physical custody until clearance is obtained.Step-by-Step Guide to the Customs Clearance Procedure in IndiaNavigating customs clearance can be quite confusing; therefore, it is essential to understand the step-by-step customs clearance procedure. It can help save time, reduce costs, and mainly prevent delays. Below is a detailed stepwise path for import customs clearance. (Export clearance follows a parallel route with shipping bills and drawback mechanisms.)Step 1: Prerequisite — IEC, Registration & Compliance1. Obtain Import-Exporter Code (IEC)Before initiating imports or exports, you must acquire an electronic IEC from the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT). It is mandatory for customs clearance.2. Registration with ICEGATE / Customs EDIYou (or your CHA) need to register on India's ICEGATE portal for e-filing Bills of Entry, Shipping Bills, and other declarations.3. Check Regulatory Permits / LicencesSuppose the goods fall under a restricted or regulated category (such as drugs, hazardous chemicals, or defence goods). In such cases, it is important to gain permits from the governing authorities, such as the Drug Controller or the DGFT.4. KYC / Importer Identity DocumentsMandatory documents include:Proof of identityProof of addressCompany RegistrationPAN.Step 2: Arrival & Manifest Filing (IGM / EGM)1. Call of Vessel / Arrival NotificationThe carrier (ship, airline, or freight forwarder) is responsible for notifying Customs about the arrival of the vessel or aircraft at the destination Customs station.2. Filing of Import General Manifest (IGM)The IGM is a declaration listing all the goods on board. It must be submitted electronically before or shortly after arrival. Filing an IGM is a legal requirement under Section 30 of the Customs Act. Without a correct IGM, goods cannot be legally unloaded for customs processing.3. Goods Landed in Custody of CustodianUpon verification of the manifest once the vessel has arrived, the goods are then offloaded and placed under the custody of an approved custodian or warehouse until further customs clearance steps are completed.Step 3: Bill of Entry Filing & Declaration (Self-Assessment)1. File Bill of Entry (BoE) / Cargo DeclarationThe Bill of Entry has to be filed by the importer or the DHA for warehousing or home consumption in the prescribed form. Under the EDI system, the BoE is submitted electronically; no physical documents are required at the time of filing (but originals must later be produced at examination).The bill of entry contains all the necessary details, including the goods' description, value, HSN classification, tariff details, and details of origin.The importer must certify the correctness of the information. Any misdeclaration can lead to penalties.2. Noting / Registration of BoEOnce the BoE is registered or noted, it confirms that the goods are manifested as the IGM. In the EDI environment, much of this is automated. 3. Self-Assessment & Duty CalculationNext, the importer or the CHA calculates the applicable duties, such as:Basic Customs dutyIGSTAnti-dumpingSafeguardCessThe system then processes the calculation and assigns duties.The customs assessing officer verifies the classification, valuation, and eligibility of exemptions or notifications. In case of doubts, the office may seek clarification or even order a customs inspection.Step 4: Examination, Assessment & Out-of-Charge1. Physical Examination / SamplingDepending on the risk assessment, some consignments must be cleared via a "second check". If a first check (pre-assessment) is ordered, the goods are examined before final duty assessment.Examination involves verification of quantity, description, and valuation, along with checking compliance with necessary rules and regulations. Samples may be taken for further testing.2. Final Assessment & ConfirmationOnce the examination is complete, the assessing officer will then move on to finalise the classification, valuation, and duty. The BoE is confirmed, and duties are calculated while also including any applicable surcharges, IGST, or other charges. 3. Payment of Duty and Other ChargesIn the next step, the importer will deposit the due amount into the designated bank account or submit a treasury challan. Then the BoE is endorsed and cleared.4. Clearance Certificate/Out-of-Charge OrderOnce the duties are paid and all cheques are cleared, Customs will issue an "Out-of-Charge" or Let-Out" order. This will allow the goods to leave the customs premises. 5. Cargo ReleaseAs the final step, the CHA or the importer can take the delivery from the custody or the port warehouse. If goods are in a bonded warehouse, an ex-bond Bill of Entry is filed to remove the goods upon payment of duty at the time of removal.Also check - Import Duty in India: Complete Guide for BeginnersRole & Responsibilities of a Customs Clearance Agent (CHA)To complete the customs clearance process successfully, a customs clearance agent plays a crucial role. Here are the customs clearance agent's responsibilities:Preparing and filing declarations (BoE, Shipping Bill) via EDI.Making sure that classification, valuation and documentation are accurate.Liaising with customs officers, responding to queries, and securing examination orders.Ensuring the physical inspection or sampling is done successfully.Obtaining clearance orders.Coordinating duty payments.Movement of cargo from customs custody after clearance.Advising on regulatory compliance, classification, and tariff benefits.Managing amendments, appeals, and rectifications.Seamless Customs Clearance Assistance From WareIQWareIQ's smart shipping solution helps eCommerce brands minimise cost leakages caused by RTOs, fake delivery attempts in NDR, weight reconciliation issues, and more. Our solution also offers prompt support for handling urgent client escalations, ensuring smooth operations at all times.Our solution offers the following capabilities:Multi-carrier engine enabling fast deliveries across 24,000+ pin codesControl Tower & automated workflows to minimise NDRs & RTOsSame/Next-day delivery courier optionsSeamless Integration with your WMS, ERPs and StorefrontsShipping Badges to display precise Estimated Delivery Dates (EDD)Custom-branded tracking pages and notifications to enhance customer experienceConclusionMore often than not, customs clearance seems like a challenge considering the vast list of steps and documentation, but it does not necessarily have to be. If businesses understand the customs clearance procedure, they can make sure that the goods move seamlessly across borders. It is necessary to file in advance, follow regulatory updates and monitor duty requirements. Following the step-by-step guide can transform a complex bureaucratic process into a smooth, predictable, and cost-efficient part of your business.FAQs About the Step-by-Step Guide For Customs Clearance ProcedureWho is the responsible party for customs clearance?The importer or exporter is legally responsible for ensuring that goods are accurately declared and all duties are paid. A licensed customs clearance agent (CHA) can be appointed to manage documentation, liaison, and procedural compliance on their behalf.What are the necessary documents required for customs clearance?Essential documents include the commercial invoice, packing list, Airway Bill or Bill of Lading, Import Export Code (IEC), certificate of origin, applicable permits or licences, insurance certificate, and any testing or compliance reports.What is a customs clearance certificate?A customs clearance certificate is an authorisation issued by customs confirming that duties are paid, inspections (if any) are complete, and goods are cleared for delivery or further transportation.Can I clear customs without a customs clearance agent?Yes, importers and exporters can clear customs themselves if they understand the procedures and regulatory requirements. However, using a CHA is highly recommended to avoid errors, delays, and penalties, especially for complex shipments.

November 07, 2025

Top 4 Inventory Valuation Methods Explained with Examples

Inventory valuation is essential for accounting and financial reporting purposes. The method by which a business values its inventory can impact several other key aspects, including cost of goods sold (COGS), gross profit, applicable taxes, and the balance sheet. According to accounting standards, having the correct method and applying it consistently is crucial. In this article, we will examine the top four inventory valuation methods, accompanied by relevant examples.What Does It Mean By Inventory Valuation?Inventory valuation is essentially the accounting process of assigning a monetary value to a company's assets, including its stock. In simple terms, inventory valuation determines how much your inventory is worth at a given point in time. On the balance sheet, inventory is recorded as a current asset.On an income statement, the cost of inventory sold during a period is recorded as Cost of Goods Sold (COGS), which impacts gross profit.Why Inventory Valuation Methods Matter?Inventory valuation has several benefits, such as:Inventory is often one of the most significant current assets on a company's balance sheet. Misvaluing inventory can distort both profit and financial ratios.With inflation (or deflation), different methods produce very different values for ending inventory and COGS, thus affecting net income.Standards (GAAP, IFRS) require the disclosure of the method used and consistency. If there is a change in the inventory valuation methods, it must often be disclosed and sometimes applied retrospectively.To assess the financial stability of a business for loan approval, it is based on the company's balance sheet and the valuation of its inventory.Inventory valuation can also impact the tax a business pays.Correct inventory valuation can provide essential data that helps inform strategic decision-making for future purchases and effective inventory management.What Are the Various Methods of Inventory Valuation?Inventory valuation can be performed using different recognised methods, which will ultimately affect the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS), ending inventory value, and overall financial reporting in various ways. Here are 10 methods of inventory valuation that are widely used:1. FIFO (First-In, First-Out): Assumes the oldest inventory is sold first, so the ending inventory reflects the most recent costs.2. LIFO (Last-In, First-Out): Most recently purchased items are sold first; the ending inventory reflects the oldest costs. Allowed under US GAAP, prohibited under IFRS.3. Weighted Average Cost / Average Cost Method: This method uses a weighted average of all the inventory costs, no matter if it is ending inventory or COGS.4. Specific Identification Method: Tracks the actual cost of each item sold, ideal for high-value or unique goods.5. Retail Inventory Method: Estimates inventory value using a cost-to-retail ratio, standard for retailers.6. Lower of Cost or Market (LCM): In this method, the inventory is recorded at the lower of historical cost or market value to prevent overstatement.7. Net Realisable Value (NRV): Here, inventory is valued at the estimated price minus costs to complete and sell.8. Replacement Cost Method: This method values inventory at the cost to replace it; it is majorly used for insurance or risk assessment.9. Standard Cost Method: The method uses predetermined standard costs for inventory, comparing actual costs to standards to record variances.10. Gross Profit Method: This method estimates ending inventory based on historical gross profit percentages, often for interim financial reporting.The Top Methods of Inventory Valuation: Examples IncludedBusinesses rely on various inventory valuation methods to determine key aspects, such as the cost of goods sold and the ending inventory value. Amongst the different inventory valuation methods, here are the top four that are mainly used by businesses:1. FIFO ((First-In, First-Out)Under the FIFO method of inventory valuation, older inventory is first sold out before new inventory is procured. Eventually, the ending inventory signifies the most recent purchase costs. This method aligns closely with the physical flow of goods such as food, perishable items, or cosmetics.In times of inflation, the FIFO method of inventory valuation results in a lower cost of goods sold because older and cheaper inventory is sold first, leading to higher profits. However, this also means a higher taxable income compared to other methods, such as LIFO.Let us understand this with an example:DateUnits PurchasedCost per UnitJan 1100$10Feb 15200$12May 1100$15These are the purchase inventory at different time periods.If the company sells 250 units, then, as per the FIFO method of inventory valuation:The first 100 units sold are from the Jan 1 batch at $10 each = 100 x $10 = $1,000The following 150 units sold are from the Feb 15 batch at $12 each = 150 x $12 = $1,800Hence, the COGS = $2,800.Whereas, the ending inventory is:Remaining 50 units from Feb 15 batch = 50 x $12 = $600100 units from May 1 batch = 100 × $15 = $1,500So, the ending inventory = $2,100.2. LIFO (Last-In, First-Out)In the LIFO method of inventory valuation, it is assumed that the most recently acquired items are sold first, leaving the older inventory on the balance sheet. This method is mainly used in environments with rising prices, as it assigns the latest, higher costs to the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS).While it may reduce tax liability, LIFO can make the balance sheet inventory appear understated, as older, lower-cost items remain in inventory.Let us understand this with an example:DateUnits PurchasedCost per UnitJan 1100$10Feb 15200$12May 1100$15These are the purchase inventory at different time periods.If the company sells 250 units, then, as per the LIFO method of inventory valuation:The first 100 units sold are from the May 1 batch at $15 each = 100 x $15 = $1,500The following 150 units sold are from the Feb 15 batch at $12 each = 150 x $12 = $1,800So, the COGS = $3,300Whereas, the ending inventory is:Remaining 50 units from Feb 15 batch = 50 × $12 = $600100 units from Jan 1 batch → 100 × $10 = $1,000Thus, the ending inventory stands at $1,600.3. Weighted Average Cost Method (Average Cost Method)In the average cost method of inventory valuation, the average cost of all inventory available for sale during a period is applied to both COGS and the ending inventory. This method smooths out price fluctuations over time, making it particularly useful for businesses with large volumes of homogeneous items where individual tracking is impractical.Contrary to FIFO or LIFO, there is no specific flow of goods. It helps simplify accounting and also reduces the impact of sudden price changes. Let us understand this with an example:DateUnits PurchasedCost per UnitJan 1100$10Feb 15200$12May 1100$15These are the purchase inventory at different time periods.Total units available = 400Total cost = 100×10 + 200×12 + 100×15 = $4,900Weighted average cost per unit = $4,900 ÷ 400 = $12.25If the company sells 250 units, then, as per the average cost method of inventory valuation:COGS = 250 × $12.25 = $3,062.50Ending Inventory = 150 × $12.25 = $1,837.504. Specific Identification MethodThe specific Identification method of inventory valuation assigns the actual cost of every specific item sold to the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS). It is therefore the best inventory valuation method. This approach is ideal for high-value, unique, or easily distinguishable items, such as cars, jewellery, or artwork, where tracking individual units is feasible. This method provides highly accurate profit reporting. However, the drawback is its administrative burden, making it impractical for businesses with large volumes of identical items.Let us understand this with an example:ItemCost PricePhone A$500Phone B$700Phone C$600This is the stock of 3 phones in the inventory.If the store sells Phone A and Phone C:COGS = $500 + $600 = $1,100Ending Inventory = Phone B = $700Which is the Best Inventory Valuation Method?The choice of the best inventory valuation method for your business will depend on several factors, such as:The nature of the inventory.The cost volatility.Tax environmentRegulatory environmentAdministrative capacityFinancial presentation goalsFor many businesses, a combination of FIFO or the Weighted Average method works. However, if there are exceptional items, then a specific identification method becomes more relevant.Get an Accurate Evaluation of Your Inventory With Various Tools From WareIQWareIQ is a Y-Combinator-backed eCommerce full-stack platform offering multi-channel fulfillment across D2C, Marketplaces, Quick Commerce, and B2B (General Trade & Modern Trade)Our solution offers:Pan-India network of Seller Flex & FAssured compliant across 12+ cities operated by WareIQ, and shipping partners for last-mile delivery across 27000+ pin codesMulti-Channel Fulfilment Platform with plug-and-play integrations across marketplaces (Amazon, Flipkart, Myntra, Nykaa, etc.), D2C platforms (Shopify, Magento, WooCommerce, etc.), WMS, and ERPs, to support fulfilment across distributors, flagship stores and eCommerce channels with analytics capabilities to assess operational performanceInventory LogIQ: AI-led multi-channel inventory planning solution to minimise stockouts and automate replenishmentLeverage the Tech-enabled returns QC solution to capture, centrally store, and auto-index HD media evidence of damaged or missing returned products and eliminate marketplace claims rejections.A host of seller enablement and support - dedicated account manager, APOB/PPOB registrations, GST registration, NDR & COD verification, etc.ConclusionInventory valuation is not just another accounting task; it is a strategic decision that will have an impact on various aspects of a business, such as profits, taxes, and financial reporting. The top inventory valuation methods include FIFO, LIFO, Weighted Average and Specific Identification. Each method has unique advantages tailored to your business's specific requirements. The correct method can help to optimise profits, manage costs, and gain a competitive edge.Suggested - 7 Inventory Management Techniques: Exploring FIFO, FEFO, and LIFO MethodsFAQs About Inventory Valuation MethodWhich method is best for perishable goods?FIFO is the most suitable option, as it ensures that older items are sold first.Can a company change its method of inventory valuation?Yes, but changes must be disclosed and justified in financial statements.Which method is most accurate for determining the value of high-value items?Specific Identification, because it tracks actual costs per item.How often should inventory valuation be reviewed?Regularly, at least annually, or whenever significant cost changes occur, to ensure accurate reporting.

November 05, 2025

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