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IMDG Code: What It Is and Why It’s Vital for Dangerous Goods

Did you know that about 98% of the global merchant fleet operates under the IMDG code? The full form of IMDG is International Maritime Dangerous Goods. It is the essential rulebook for international shipping, especially for handling hazardous cargo. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) sets the guidelines under the IMDG code. In this article, today we will look into what IMDG codes are, the purpose of these codes, their structure and how they can help safeguard people, property and the environment.What is the IMDG Code?The IMDG (International Maritime Dangerous Goods) codes are rules and guidelines developed by the IMO to ensure that safe maritime transport can happen. These rules are for hazardous materials. It was initially adopted in 1965 as a recommendation. However, the IMDG code became mandatory in January 2004 per the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS).Purpose of the IMDG Code in International Trade.The IMDG code has been strategically curated to make safe sea transportation possible. Let us look at the prime objectives of the IMDG code:The IMDG code ensures the safety of people on board, such as crew members and port personnel.One of the primary objectives of the IMDG code is to ensure that the environmental risk associated with hazardous cargo during international trade can be mitigated.As the IMDG code is standard across all countries, it can help streamline the global movement of dangerous goods.Key Components of the IMDG CodeThe IMDG code is primarily segregated into two volumes. There is also an additional section named Supplement. The structure of the IMDG code contents is explained below:Volume 1: Volume 1 contains general provisions, training requirements, definitions, safety measures, protocol, classification, packing, and labelling guidelines. It also covers safety protocols for the safe loading and unloading of goods. Outlines confinement procedures concerning the documentation. Volume 2: It features the Dangerous Goods List (DGL), which contains details on individual substances. It also includes the UN number, shipping names, and packing instructions. It also contains Appendix A, which lists general shipping names for dangerous goods commonly shipped, and Appendix B, which has a glossary of terms.Supplement: The supplement offers additional guidance, emergency response, and procedures for ships carrying various goods (EmS Guide) along with the Medical First Aid Guide (MFAG). It also covers the guidelines for the safe use of pesticides on ships. Also check - Difference Between Packaging and LabellingClassification of Dangerous Goods As Per IMDG CodesThe IMDG codes are categorised into nine different classes, depending on the inherent hazards they pose.1. ExplosivesThe substances that can cause explosive reactions. Other hazards due to explosives can lead to fire or the projection of fragments. Some examples include dynamite, ammunition, or fireworks.2. GasesCompressed, liquefied or dissolved gases. It is subdivided into flammable gases, flammable inert gases, and toxic gases. The hazards that gases can cause include explosion, fire, and poisoning. Some examples include propane, chlorine, and oxygen.3. Flammable LiquidsThese are liquids that are easily flammable and can lead to fires or explosions. The subdivision under classification includes flammable liquids with low flashpoints, flammable liquids with medium flashpoints, and flammable liquids with high flashpoints. Examples include gasoline, alcohol, and ethanol.4. Flammable SolidsSolid materials that can easily catch fire and are highly flammable are called flammable solids. The subdivisions under this classification include flammable solids susceptible to self-heating, substances that can ignite instantaneously and those that can emit flammable gases when they come into contact with water.Flammable solids can pose the risk of fire or explosion. Examples of flammable solids include magnesium, matches, or sulphur.5. Oxidising Substances and Organic PeroxidesOxidising substances are materials with a high chance of releasing oxygen, which can cause or increase combustion. Two subdivisions are the oxidising substances and organic peroxide under this classification.These substances pose risks such as fires and exothermic reactions. Examples of such materials include hydrogen peroxide and sodium chloride.6. Toxic and Infectious SubstancesThese materials harm human health, either via inhalation, ingestion or contact with the skin. The two subdivisions under this classification include toxic substances and infectious substances.These substances pose risks such as infections and poisoning. Examples include cyanide, medical waste, and pesticides.7. Radioactive MaterialsThese are substances which emit ionising radiation. The subdivision under this classification includes radioactive material of limited activity and radioactive material of high activity. A few examples include medical isotopes and uranium.8. Corrosive Substances.These are materials that cause severe damage to the living tissue. The subdivisions include substances corrosive to skin, substances corrosive to metals, and corrosive substances that attack other materials.It poses risks such as eye damage, burns, etc. A few examples include acids and alkalis.9. Miscellaneous Dangerous GoodsThese are materials that can present different hazards which are not covered in the above classification. Some examples of this classification include lithium batteries or substances that give off heat. Suggested read - What Is a UPC CodeSignificance of the IMDG CodeThe IMDG code has been structured to ensure that human life, goods on board and the environment are all safe while the transportation of dangerous goods occurs across countries. Here’s how the IMDG code is significant:When shipping firms comply with the IMDG codes by IMO, they can significantly mitigate the risk of accidents, protecting the crew members’ lives and safeguarding the vessels.IMDG codes' primary provision is to prevent marine pollution, ensuring that the transportation of dangerous materials and hazardous substances happens in a controlled way.Since compliance with the IMDG code is mandatory as per international law, failure to comply with it can also result in severe penalties and bans.Since regulations under the IMDG code are standardised, it can help streamline the international transportation of goods, facilitating global trade and commerce.Get Cargo Handling As Per the IMDG Code With WareIQ Shipping Solutions WareIQ’s smart shipping solution helps eCommerce brands minimise cost leakages caused by RTOs, fake delivery attempts in NDR, weight reconciliation issues, and more. Our solution also offers prompt support for handling urgent client escalations, ensuring smooth operations at all times.Our solution offers the following capabilities:Multi-carrier engine enabling fast deliveries across 24,000+ pin codesControl Tower & automated workflows to minimise NDR & RTOsSame/Next-day delivery courier optionsSeamless Integration with your WMS, ERPs and StorefrontsShipping Badges to display precise Estimated Delivery Dates (EDD)Custom-branded tracking pages and notifications to enhance customer experienceConclusionThe IMDG code has a very important role in the safe and seamless transportation of hazardous goods via sea. The guidelines mentioned under the IMDG code are key to protecting human life, protecting vessels, preserving the marine environment and also facilitating global trade and commerce. Every business involved in the maritime transport of dangerous goods must comply with the IMDG code without fail, as it is more than just a legal obligation. It is a commitment towards safety for humans as well as the Senvironment.Suggested - ISPS Code: Ensuring Safety in Global Maritime TransportFAQs About IMDG CodeWhat are the results of not complying with the IMDG code?Compliance with the IMDG code is mandatory, and hence, non-compliance can lead to penalties, including monetary fines, detention of vessels and even, in some cases, bans from ports.How often is the IMDG code updated?IMDG code is updated biennially to incorporate advanced safety measures and also to address if there are any emerging risks.Where can I access the latest edition of the IMDG code?The IMDG code can be obtained from the IMO's official website. You can also get it from other authorised distributors.Who needs to be trained as per the IMDG code for transportation via sea?All the people involved with handling, packaging, documentation, and transporting hazardous substances by sea need to undergo appropriate training for handling such substances as per the IMDG code.

September 24, 2025

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Different Types of Tariffs and Tariff Codes with Examples

Have you ever ordered something from overseas and noticed that taxes are higher than the actual cost of the product? Well, that is a tariff, an inclusive aspect of global trade. Talking about international trade, in 2024, global trade reached a record of $33 trillion. However, a study from the UN Trade and Development suggests that the worldwide trade growth by 2025 is a little uncertain. In these times, traders must understand tariffs and tariff codes to ensure smooth international trade growth. It is also essential, as tariffs highly impact product pricing, diplomatic relations, and supply chain strategies.This article will provide examples of the different types of tariffs and also explain different tariff codes.What Does Tariff Mean in Logistics?Tariffs are taxes imposed by the government on goods imported into the country and exported out of the country. Tariffs impact the cost of goods in the country, as when a product is imported, the overall cost increases due to different tariffs applicable, making it much more expensive for consumers.Besides impacting the product’s cost, tariffs also affect companies’ decisions about the final price of a product and the structure of their supply chain.8 Different Types of Tariffs As there are many different types of tariffs, it is essential to understand every type so that traders can do international trade seamlessly. Here are eight types of tariffs in international trade that a trader must be aware of:1. Ad Valorem Tariffs This type of tax is usually a percentage based on the value of the imported goods. It is mostly used for luxury goods, apparel, and electronics.Example: If the product value is $1000 and the ad valorem tariff is 15%, the duty to be paid is $150.2. Specific Tariffs This type of tariff is usually fixed in nature, and it is based on the quantity, whether it is per kilogram or per unit. The product’s price does not matter, as it is based only on the quantity. It is mostly used for raw materials and agricultural products.Example: If the specific tariff on coffee beans is $2 per kg, the importer must pay $200 for 100kg.3. Compound Tariffs A compound tariff is the combination of both a specific tariff along with an ad valorem tariff. It is often used for products that need tighter regulations.Example: A compound tariff might resemble a combination such as 5% of the value + $3 per item. For an item that costs about a hundred dollars, the duty is $5 (ad valorem tariff) + $3 (specific tariff) = $8 per unit.4. Protective TariffA protective tariff is designed to shield domestic industries from their foreign competitors. The final price makes the imported goods more expensive than domestically produced goods.Example: A country imposes tariffs on foreign agricultural products to secure local production.5. Retaliatory TariffThis type of tariff is imposed as a response to possible unfair trade practices which are imposed by other countries.Example: The US increased the tariff on China’s exports to 145%, and in retaliation, China increased the tariff on US exports to 125%.6. Revenue TariffRevenue tariffs are imposed to generate income for the government instead of protecting local industries.Example: Developing countries can impose tariffs of 10 to 15% on imported goods to fund public infrastructure.7. Import TariffThe tariff imposed on the item imported into a country is called the import tariff and is the most commonly used tariff.Example: The US imposes import tariffs on imported automobiles from Europe.8. Export TariffExport tariffs are tariffs that apply to goods that are sent out of a country. Export tariffs are openly used to restrict the export of rare resources.For example, if a country has fewer resources for agricultural goods, it will impose a higher export tax to restrict exports.Different Types of Tariff CodesTariff codes or Harmonised Systems (HS) codes are codes used in global trade to classify exported or imported goods. These codes are developed by the World Customs Organisation (WCO). A tariff number or a code helps to determine the applicable rate while ensuring that there is complete customs compliance. It also helps in facilitating international trade documentation seamlessly.Structure of Tariff CodeCode is numerical and varies in length depending on the country. It is usually 6 to 10 digits. The initial six digits are the HS code or the harmonised tariff system code.Apart from the six digits, the country adds additional digits to specify products per their needs.Example: TARIC (Integrated Tariff of the European Union) is used in Europe, apart from the HS code. Meanwhile, the HTS (Harmonised Tariff System) is used in the United States.How Are Tariffs and HS Codes Important for International Business?For an organisation that conducts international trade, it is essential to understand both the tariff and the respective tariff code, as it can affect them in more than one way:Applying the wrong tariff code can eat away at your profit margins.A wrong HS code classification can delay your shipment, result in penalties, and even get your goods seized.When correct HS codes are applied, it can help claim preferential tariff rates under the fair trade agreement and get duty exemptions or reductions.If your business can predict the tariff cost, it can also help you choose the right supplier, estimate costs more accurately, and plan inventory around imports.Understanding the custom tariff code and applying proper HS codes allows you to set your price competitively while staying profitable; it also helps in avoiding last-minute cost shocks.Applying correct tariff classification codes during customs clearance can build a solid track record with customs, logistics partners, and financial institutions.Also read- IMDG Code and What Is a Customs Tariff? Types and How They WorkGet Accurate HS Code Assignment and Tariff Handling With Specialised Solutions From WareIQWareIQ’s smart shipping solution helps eCommerce brands minimise cost leakages caused by RTOs, fake delivery attempts in NDR, weight reconciliation issues, and more. Our solution also offers prompt support for handling urgent client escalations, ensuring smooth operations at all times.Our solution offers the following capabilities:Multi-carrier engine enabling fast deliveries across 24,000+ pin codesControl Tower & automated workflows to minimise NDR & RTOsSame/Next-day delivery courier optionsSeamless Integration with your WMS, ERPs and StorefrontsShipping Badges to display precise Estimated Delivery Dates (EDD)Custom-branded tracking pages and notifications to enhance customer experienceAlso read - Understanding Custom Duty in India: A Comprehensive GuideConclusionTariffs and the respective tariff codes are cornerstones for any business that is involved in international trade. Whether you own an e-commerce business or you are into managing global supply chains, it is essential to understand how the tariffs and the subsequent HS code classification work. The understanding will allow you to have seamless processing. It will also help you to save money, time and regulatory hiccups.Suggested read - U.S. Trade Update: End of De Minimis Exemption and New Tariffs on India-Origin ShipmentsAlso check - HTS Explained: What Is the Harmonised Tariff Schedule?FAQs About Tariffs and Tariff CodesDoes every import coming into the country impose tariffs?No, although a majority of imports will have tariffs, there can be some products that can enter a country duty-free as part of trade agreements.What is the main difference between a tariff and a tariff code?A tariff is a tax often imposed on imports or exports; conversely, a tariff code is the tariff classification that helps identify goods.Do tariffs have any effect on e-commerce businesses?Yes, as tariffs can increase the landed cost of the product production imported into the country. It impacts the prices, the profit margin and also the competitiveness in the e-commerce industry.Does every country have the same HS code?The first six digits are standard HS codes, while there can be additional digits depending on the country and its national classification.

September 23, 2025

What Is a Letter of Credit? A Key in International Payments

Every day, billions of goods are transported from one country to another. This international trade has been possible due to trust between companies. As per the World Trade Organisation, global trade is valued at $25.3 trillion in 2022. The question is, how do companies trust each other, and how do exporters trust importers to pay them? Well, the trust comes from the letter of credit. It is a beneficial financial instrument that is used in international commerce. A Letter of Credit acts like a bridge of trust between the importer and the exporter. This article will explore the necessary aspects of a letter of credit, including its definition, workings, advantages, and limitations.What is a Letter of Credit?A letter of credit is a form of written commitment that a bank provides to the exporter on behalf of the importer. It contains the specified amount that the seller must receive once the goods are delivered. However, the seller must meet the terms and conditions listed in the letter of credit to receive the money. LC, the full form for which is Letter of Credit, guarantees that the seller will get paid. It is also an essential document that mitigates risks for both buyer and seller in international transactions.Components of A Letter of CreditA letter of credit is a detailed document that has the following components:Applicant: The buyer or the importer requesting the letter of credit.Beneficiary: The seller or the exporter who will receive the payment.Issuing Bank: The bank that the buyer asks to issue the letter of credit.Advising Bank: The seller's bank authenticates the letter of credit.Amount: It is the value of goods on the letter of credit.Expiry Date: It is the last date for the submission of documents.Terms: These are the shipment terms for the shipping method, the port, and the delivery terms.Documents Required: Includes documents such as a bill of lading, commercial invoice, packing list, insurance certificate, and certificate of origin.How Does a Letter of Credit Work?The letter of credit works as mentioned below:First, a buyer and a seller agree on a transaction. As a seller would want security, they agree to use a letter of credit.Next, the buyer has to apply for an LC from their bank, which is also known as the issuing bank.Once the LC is issued, it is sent to the seller's bank, also known as the advising bank.As promised, the seller ships the goods and submits the required documents to the advising bank for payment.The advising bank checks the documents for compliance purposes, and once everything is clear, forwards them to the issuing bank.Once the papers are in order, the issuing bank checks the submitted documents, and payments are made to the seller.The issuing bank then settles the payment with the buyer.8 Types of Letter of CreditIt might seem uncommon, but there are several types of letters of credit, depending on the terms and conditions between a buyer and a seller. Below are the different kinds of letters of credit:1. Confirmed LCAlong with the issuing bank, the advising bank guarantees payments, so the letter of credit is called the confirmed LC.2. Revolving LCA revolving LC is when a single LC can cover multiple shipments and allow the credit to be renewed at any time. It is usually used where regular shipments are made between the same seller and buyer.3. Revocable and Irrevocable CreditRevocable LC is where the bank has the full authority to change the terms and conditions without prior notice to the beneficiary. At the same time, an irrevocable LC is where the bank cannot change the terms and conditions.4. Standby LCStandby LC is a backup in case the buyer fails to pay the seller. It is a guarantee issued by the buyer's bank to the seller.5. Documentary LCA documentary LC ensures that the issuing bank pays on behalf of the buyer once the specified documents are received.6. Sight LCThis type of letter of credit ensures that the seller gets the payment once the seller produces the sight LC and sends it to the bank with the necessary documents.7. Transferable CreditAs the name suggests, this LC allows the bank to transfer the payment to another party as requested by the original beneficiary.8. Back-to-back CreditIn this type of LC, the seller can request that their bank issue an LC on behalf of the party that supplies goods to them.Benefits of a Letter of CreditThe process may be lengthy for a transaction between a buyer and seller. However, there are several benefits since a buyer and seller transaction can happen across countries or continents. Here are the benefits of a letter of credit for both buyers and sellers:For Buyer:A buyer must only pay when the goods are shipped as agreed.The risks are reduced when the trade is with new or overseas suppliers.Buyers can align the payment terms with shipment schedules.For Seller:A letter of credit guarantees payment for the goods shipped.A letter of credit reflects the buyer's seriousness and financial standing.Some letters of credit, such as Sight LCs, can ensure immediate payments.Risks and Limitations of Letter of CreditWhile there are many benefits to using a letter of credit for both the buyer and the seller, certain limitations and risks are also involved, and they are listed below:It can increase the cost by including fees for issuance confirmation and document handling.Every document needs to be accurate for the smooth flow of payment.The buyer and seller must depend on the respective banks for adherence, timelines and standards.Since banks don't deal with goods, there is a chance of fraud, too.Related read - E-Commerce Payment System: How It Works in IndiaGet Your International Trade Seamlessly Operated With Shipping Solutions From WareIQWareIQ's smart shipping solution helps eCommerce brands minimise cost leakages caused by RTOs, fake delivery attempts in NDR, weight reconciliation issues, and more. Our solution also offers prompt support for handling urgent client escalations, ensuring smooth operations at all times.Our solution offers the following capabilities:Multi-carrier engine enabling fast deliveries across 24,000+ pin codesControl Tower & automated workflows to minimise NDR & RTOsSame/Next-day delivery courier optionsSeamless Integration with your WMS, ERPs and StorefrontsShipping Badges to display precise Estimated Delivery Dates (EDD)Custom branded tracking pages and notifications to enhance customer experienceConclusionWith global trade, sellers and buyers worldwide can become business partners. The distance can create questions regarding the trust between an importer and an exporter. A letter of credit can be a metaphoric handshake across borders in such situations. Since it comes with a bank-backed framework, it ensures that payments get through and the goods are delivered in the best shape so that both importer and exporter are satisfied. Related read - Letter of Undertaking in Shipping: What It Is and When to Use It?FAQs About Letter of CreditIs an LC the same as a bank guarantee?No, a letter of credit ensures that payment is made when the supplier honours the conditions. On the other hand, a bank guarantee will make the payment in case of a default.Is a letter of credit legally binding?Yes, a letter of credit is completely legally binding and enforceable.Can I transfer a letter for credit?Yes, an LC can be transferred completely or partially to another party.What happens if the buyer does not pay the issuing bank?The issuing bank will still make a payment to the seller. Afterwards, the bank will recover the amount from the buyer.

September 22, 2025

Ajio Diwali Sale 2025: Effective Inventory and Supply Chain Strategies for Sellers

Diwali celebrations have significantly changed in recent times. One of the most noticeable changes is the gifting aspect. Approximately 33% of people prefer to buy Diwali gifts for friends and family from the top e-commerce platforms. In fact, in 2024, online marketplaces sold goods worth Rs 55,000 crore in the first week itself. One of the prominent e-commerce platforms that drives this surge is Ajio. Ajio sellers are all excited for the upcoming Ajio Diwali sale, which is expected to start on October 27, 2025. This is not just another sale that occurs throughout the year; it is like a battlefield of supply chain execution. As a seller, if your logistics or inventory falters, you risk losing thousands of orders in a single week.So, how to ensure that everything runs smoothly? Well, this article explores the strategies that will keep your supply chain agile, resilient, and profitable during the Ajio Diwali Sale.Understanding the Ajio Supply Chain FrameworkAjio's supply chain is an interconnected web designed for optimum speed and scale. During peak festive sales, this network gets stretched thin, which is why sellers need to align their own operations with Ajio's ecosystem.Supplier Network: Ajio has a large supplier network, comprising both local artisans and global brands. For proper stock availability, sellers must coordinate their procurement timelines to ensure timely replenishment of their stock.Decentralised Warehousing: Ajio leverages regional fulfilment centres. Sellers who strategically place inventory near demand hotspots gain faster delivery windows through Ajio fulfilment centres.Tech Backbone: The platform features robust automation and analytics, enabling smooth order processing and real-time stock updates.Customer-First Approach: Ajio expects its sellers to meet the expectations for speed, accuracy, and hassle-free returns.Sellers can thrive during the Ajio Diwali sale by adopting Ajio's tech-driven and customer-centric philosophy.Inventory Planning: Stocking Smart for Diwali DemandInventory planning during the Ajio Diwali sale is not just about stocking up products; it is about having the products that are in demand, based on the demand volumes. Mistakes here can lead to empty carts, delayed deliveries, or unsold stock piling up post-Diwali.Demand Forecasting with PrecisionBegin by analysing past data of the Diwali sale and spot trends in terms of what categories spiked, what products were stagnant and the volume fluctuations on each day.Ajio search insights, Google Trends, and social media can help identify trending SKUs, such as festive wear, ethnic collections, footwear, and accessories.Festivals, regional events, payday cycles, and even weather can impact product demand.Buffer Stock Strategy: Don't Get Caught ShortMaintaining a 10–15% buffer for fast-moving SKUs for categories such as ethnic wear and accessories, where demand can double overnight.If production cycles are long, buffer stock becomes even more important.Adjust the buffer based on real-time sales velocity during the first few days of the sale.SKU Optimisation: Focus on WinnersApply the 80/20 rule; the top 20% of SKUs often generate 80% of revenue.Review past sales and remove SKUs with poor conversion or high returns.Pair slower SKUs with hot sellers in combo offers to drive clearance.Strategic Placement of InventoryPlace inventory in Ajio's fulfilment centres closest to your top demand zones. This reduces delivery timelines and RTO rates.Utilise geo-analytics to forecast demand across Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3 cities. Festive demand is no longer metro-exclusive.Automation and Replenishment SystemsSet reorder triggers in your OMS/WMS so that stock is replenished as soon as it reaches minimum thresholds.Integrate systems with Ajio to prevent overselling or stock mismatches.Agile Adjustments During the SaleMonitor which SKUs are spiking unexpectedly.Quickly replenish the stock of trending items in Ajio's fulfilment centres.If certain SKUs underperform, apply discounts mid-sale to avoid post-festive dead stock.Returns-Ready Inventory PlanningKeep a portion of inventory aside to replace returned items quickly.Ensure returned items are quality-checked and reintroduced into circulation fast.Track high-return SKUs and adjust procurement for future sales.Inventory planning is more than just bulk stocking; it's about being data-led, agile, and customer-focused.Logistics Excellence: Where Sellers Win or LoseWhile discounts during the Ajio Diwali sale ensure that millions of shoppers are attracted, the delivery speed can be an important factor in determining whether they will return. It is here that smooth logistics can be a game-changer:Route Optimisation: Sellers can utilise tools that factor in live traffic, distance, and fuel efficiency.Last-Mile Reach: Partner with carriers covering Tier-2 and Tier-3 towns, where festive demand is exploding.Flexible Shipping: Offer express options in metros and economical standard options for other regions.Returns Handling: A strong reverse logistics process boosts trust and encourages larger orders.How to Enhance Ajio Logistics?Considering that Ajio logistics is one of the prominent driving factors, sellers who can optimise it are in for a huge advantage during the Ajio Diwali Sale.Collaborate with Ajio-Approved Logistics PartnersSellers need to choose reliable partners who have a proven track record of fulfilling festive demands. To take a notch higher, sellers can use dashboards for real-time order visibility and transparent updates.Optimise Routes and Reduce CostsDeployment of advanced logistics software to design efficient delivery routes is essential. Sellers can implement dynamic routing that can be adjusted in real-time depending on the traffic conditions.Prioritise Real-Time Tracking and CommunicationTracking data can be integrated with customer support so that query resolution is faster. Customers should get accurate delivery timelines. Build a Seamless Returns SystemSellers have to communicate the return policies clearly so that there are no disputes from the customers. Collaboration with logistics partners ensures efficient reverse logistics, facilitating restocks and resale.A seamless logistics chain results in faster deliveries and also helps in the reduction of order cancellations, thereby boosting seller ratings and visibility during the Ajio Diwali sale.Supply Chain Optimisation TechniquesSellers must optimise their supply chain processes to thrive during the Ajio Diwali Sale. Effective supply chain management of Ajio involves various techniques that enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and improve customer satisfaction. Below are some essential optimisation techniques that sellers should consider:1. Warehouse OptimisationEfficient warehouse management is crucial for quick order fulfilment. Sellers should organise their warehouses strategically to maximise space and improve picking efficiency.Utilise Vertical Space: Implement shelving systems that effectively utilise vertical space, allowing for more stock without expanding the warehouse footprint.Streamlined Picking Processes: Designate specific areas for high-demand items to reduce the time taken for picking and packing orders.2. Order Fulfilment AutomationAutomating order processing can significantly reduce errors and accelerate fulfilment times.Implement Automated Systems: Use technology to automate order processing, from receiving orders to inventory updates and shipping notifications. This reduces manual errors and speeds up the entire process.Integrate with Ajio Logistics: Ensure your automated systems are compatible with Ajio logistics partners for seamless order tracking and delivery.3. Real-Time TrackingReal-time tracking systems provide visibility into inventory levels and shipment statuses, which is crucial during the busy Ajio Diwali Sale.Monitor Inventory Levels: Use tracking systems to monitor stock levels and reorder points, ensuring that popular items remain in stock.Provide Accurate Delivery Estimates: Sellers can offer customers precise delivery timelines by tracking shipments in real-time, enhancing the shopping experience.4. Flexible Shipping OptionsOffering multiple shipping options can cater to different customer needs and preferences.Express Delivery Services: Collaborate with Ajio logistics partners to provide express delivery services for customers who require quicker shipping.Cost-Effective Solutions: Offer standard shipping options to balance speed with cost and ensure that all customer segments are catered to.5. Robust Returns ManagementAn efficient returns management system is essential for handling the increased volume of returns during the Ajio Diwali Sale.Streamlined Return Processes: Establish clear return policies and processes that make it easy for customers to return items, enhancing customer satisfaction and loyalty.Reverse Logistics: Work with logistics partners to ensure that returned items are processed quickly and efficiently, allowing faster restocking and resale.By implementing these supply chain optimisation techniques, sellers can effectively manage the complexities of the Ajio supply chain during the Diwali Sale.Also check: Ajio Order Fulfillment With WareIQHow Technology Gives Sellers A Competitive Edge?When it comes to outpacing the competitors during the Ajio Diwali sale, technology can be a vital differentiator. It's the sellers who leverage smart technology that manage to scale smoothly, delight customers, and outpace competitors.Key Ways Technology Gives Sellers an Edge:Real-time inventory sync prevents overselling and cancellations by updating stock instantly across Ajio and other marketplaces.AI-powered demand forecasting helps predict Diwali spikes with accuracy, enabling sellers to stock best-sellers and avoid dead inventory.An automated order management system (OMS) streamlines order processing and minimises errors. Smart logistics tracking provides customers with live ETAs and updates on their orders, thereby reducing customer queries and lowering RTO rates.The analytics dashboard helps convert raw sales and logistics data into actionable insights, which enable sellers to adjust prices, discounts, and placement accordingly.You may also like to read: Flipkart Diwali Sale Inventory StrategiesImportance of Ajio Logistics PartnersThe Ajio Diwali Sale's success heavily relies on the effectiveness of its logistics partners. These partnerships are crucial for ensuring timely deliveries and maintaining high customer satisfaction. Here are some key reasons why Ajio logistics partners are vital to the supply chain:1. Efficient Last-Mile DeliveryLogistics partners are responsible for the last-mile delivery, which is critical during high-demand periods like the Ajio Diwali Sale. Reliable logistics partners ensure that orders are delivered promptly, enhancing customer satisfaction and loyalty.2. Capacity ManagementDuring peak sales events, logistics partners help manage increased order volumes effectively. They are equipped to handle the surge in orders, preventing delays and ensuring that products reach customers on time.3. Route OptimisationLogistics partners utilise advanced technology to optimise delivery routes. Optimising routes reduces transportation costs and improves delivery efficiency, essential during the busy sales period.4. Real-Time TrackingProviding real-time tracking updates is a key service offered by logistics partners. This feature allows customers to monitor their orders, reducing anxiety and improving their shopping experience.5. Returns ManagementEfficient returns management is crucial for maintaining customer satisfaction. Logistics partners facilitate easy returns, ensuring that the process is hassle-free for customers, which can lead to repeat business.The role of Ajio logistics partners is indispensable for successfully executing the Ajio Diwali Sale. By leveraging these partnerships, sellers can ensure they meet customer expectations and capitalise on the lucrative opportunities presented during the Diwali Sale.You may like to explore: Myntra Diwali Sale: Best Practices for Inventory ManagementWhy is WareIQ the Smart Fulfilment Partner for Your Ajio Marketplace Orders?Connect Ajio and other marketplaces seamlessly with WareIQ's fulfilment platform.Position inventory closer to customers through smart placement in WareIQ FCs.Sell across multiple channels using centrally stored inventory.Boost Ajio sales with WareIQ's lightning-fast fulfilment.Minimise losses with RTO insurance and hassle-free returns management.Explore - Diwali Inventory Planning Playbook: Key Strategies for SellersConclusionThe Ajio Diwali sale is not just another festival where sellers can gain massive success. It is quite a decisive time for the sellers, where they can prove their supply chain strength. Due to the discounts, orders are at an all-time high, and sellers must plan every phase of the sale accurately. Sellers who can align their operations with Ajio's supply chain framework can move faster, deliver reliably, and earn customer trust when it matters most in a market where every second counts. Efficient supply chain strategies can transform missed opportunities into record-breaking festive sales.Explore - Ajio Order Fulfillment With WareIQHow can WareIQ help sellers optimise their supply chain for the Ajio Diwali Sale?WareIQ can help sellers optimise their supply chain for the Ajio Diwali Sale by offering:Access to a pan-India network of fulfilment centres for strategic inventory placement and faster deliveriesAutomated order processing and fulfilment systems to handle the increased order volume efficientlyReal-time tracking and analytics to monitor supply chain performance and make informed decisionsReliable logistics partners for last-mile delivery to ensure timely order fulfillmentFlexible shipping options for customers, including express delivery during peak demand periodsBy leveraging WareIQ's supply chain expertise and technology, sellers can streamline their operations and focus on driving sales during the Ajio Diwali Sale.Also read: Meesho Maha Diwali Sale Fulfilment and Logistics tipsFAQs About Ajio Diwali SaleWhen is the Ajio Diwali Sale scheduled to take place?The Ajio Diwali Sale is expected to start on October 27, 2025. More than just a festive promotion, this sale is a high-stakes event for sellers often compared to a battlefield of supply chain execution. With thousands of orders at stake, any lapse in logistics or inventory can lead to major losses.How can WareIQ help sellers optimize their supply chain and manage peak sales periods?WareIQ can assist sellers by providing a comprehensive fulfilment solution with a pan-India network of fulfilment centres, smart inventory placement, and advanced automation tools. This enables sellers to optimise their supply chain operations, reduce delivery times, and efficiently handle the surge in orders during the peak sales period.What kind of discounts and offers can customers expect during the Ajio Diwali Sale?You can expect a flat 50% to 90% discount on products during the Ajio Diwali Sale. Additionally, IDFC and Federal bank cards will offer an extra 10% instant discount. New users can also avail of a flat Rs 500 discount using the coupon code "AJIONEW" on their first purchase.How can sellers optimise their supply chain for the Ajio Diwali Sale?Sellers can optimise their supply chain by implementing effective inventory management strategies, streamlining order fulfilment processes, enhancing logistics operations, and collaborating with reliable Ajio logistics partners. This includes demand forecasting, safety stock maintenance, warehouse optimisation, route optimisation, and real-time tracking.What are the key benefits of partnering with Ajio logistics partners during the Diwali Sale?Ajio logistics partners are crucial in ensuring efficient last-mile delivery, managing increased order volumes, optimising delivery routes, providing real-time tracking, and facilitating returns management. By leveraging these partnerships, sellers can enhance customer satisfaction and capitalise on the surge in demand during the Diwali Sale.Are any additional cashback and coupon offers available during the Ajio Diwali Sale?Yes, there are several additional offers available. Customers can get up to Rs. 500 cashback on minimum transactions of Rs. 1,000 using Paytm Wallet or MobikWik Wallet. Additionally, sellers can earn up to 8.09% cashback on Ajio shopping through platforms like Zingoy. Ajio also offers a "Coupon Quest" where users can use their Ajio Big coins to buy coupons and avail of further discounts.What makes supply chain planning so critical for the upcoming Ajio Diwali Sale?Festive sales often see a 25–30% surge in online orders compared to regular months. Without proper planning, sellers risk stockouts, delays, or high return rates, all of which can impact sales performance and seller ratings.What are the best inventory management strategies for Ajio sellers during the Diwali season?Maintain safety stock for fast-moving SKUs, prioritise top-selling categories, and automate replenishment. Multi-location storage in fulfilment centres close to regions where demand is high can also ensure faster delivery.What logistics challenges do sellers face during the Ajio Diwali Sale?Some issues that sellers face during a festive sale include delayed shipments due to high order volumes, last-mile delivery bottlenecks, and higher return-to-origin (RTO) rates.Why is last-mile delivery so important during the Ajio Diwali Sale?Customer expectations peak during festive sales. A single late delivery can reduce repeat business and negatively impact ratings. Faster last-mile fulfilment directly translates into better customer satisfaction.

September 20, 2025

CPT Incoterms: What Does CPT Mean in International Shipping?

According to a UN trade and development report, global trade hit a staggering $33 trillion in 2024. This growth has been possible due to a clear understanding of Incoterms. Also, the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) mentions that different incoterms define different tasks, costs and risks in a trade transaction. One such term is CPT-carriage paid to. As per the Incoterms of 2020, CPT Incoterms is a multi-model rule where the seller's risk starts with export, the seller delivers the goods to the agreed carrier, and the freight is paid for the goods to be shipped to a designated location. The shipment's risk is further transferred to the buyer when the shipment is handed over to the carrier. The term CPT has different roles and obligations for a buyer and a seller. In this article, we will explain what is CPT and about CPT Incoterms and what the roles under it are.What is CPT?CPT—Carriage Paid To is an incoterm that means that the seller delivers goods to a carrier at a designated location and pays for the transportation to the selected location. The transportation can be by air, road, rail, or sea. Under CPT, both sellers and buyers have their distinct obligations.CPT Incoterms, among others, is essential for land and intermodal shipments. Also, traders more often use the CIF term for maritime shipments. Incoterms like CPT are significant to understand, as they specify who is responsible for the payment and arrangement of shipment, insurance, customs clearance, documentation, and other logistical activities.Responsibilities of Seller and Buyer Under CPTThe roles and responsibilities concerning shipments of a seller and buyer are clearly defined as per CPT Incoterms and are explained below:Seller's ResponsibilityArranging and ensuring that the goods are delivered to the carrier at a preset location.The seller must handle all export clearances, licensing, and inspections required in the country of origin.The seller is responsible for paying for the main carriage at the agreed location. This will also include loading the goods onto the transport at the origin and paying freight charges, terminal charges, carriage charges and handling fees until the destination terminal.The seller must also provide the buyer with all important transportation documents, such as the bill of lading, bill, and truck consignment note. This helps the buyer claim the goods. In the case of a shipment sent via sea, the seller must issue a negotiable lading bill.Buyer's ResponsibilityBuyers' first responsibility is to take care of the goods when they get delivered via a carrier at the pre-decided location.A buyer must handle import clearances and pay for import duties and taxation in the destination country. The buyer must also arrange any outward carriage beyond the decided destination and pay for the unloading at the final destination.Under CPT Incoterms, the buyer is not obligated to get insurance for the goods. However, it is a fair practice. Buyers can obtain insurance once the risk passes.Advantages and Disadvantages of CPTLike others in Incoterms, CPT has advantages and disadvantages for buyers and sellers. Let us understand the pros and cons of the CPT Incoterm for both parties:Advantages and Disadvantages for SellersAdvantagesCost ControlThe seller can control and pay for the main transport until the final destination. It helps predict the cost and leads to better scheduling. Sellers can also leverage freight contracts to avail of better rates than buyers.Consolidated Shipments Sellers who ship regularly can easily coordinate deliveries if they use their carrier. This will also help to reduce the chance of congestion at the loading point.Simplify ProcessAs the seller takes care of the logistics in the country of origin, the buyer will not have to worry about it. Also, the seller handles export packaging, loading and customs clearance to simplify the entire process till the carrier delivers the shipment.Versatility CPT Incoterms is a concept that works with all modes of transport, offering flexibility for mixed shipments.DisadvantagesTransport Responsibility It is the seller's responsibility to bear the cost of delivering the goods to the location in the buyer's country. This means the seller might be exposed to delays or price changes if anything goes wrong with the carrier. Limited Control After Delivery The seller cannot ensure the shipment's safety once the goods are handed over to the carrier. Advantages and Disadvantages For the BuyerAdvantagesConvenienceThe seller handles the long-haul part of a journey. Hence, the buyer only has to deal with the local import steps once the shipment arrives at the destination. This makes managing logistics easier for the buyer.Saves CostSince the seller negotiates freight rates, the same can be reflected in the sale price. The buyer can benefit from the seller's buying power without negotiating.DisadvantagesEarly Transfer RiskOne of the biggest drawbacks for buyers is that the risk starts once they get the goods with the carrier, even though the seller controls the main transportation. This becomes even more complex when a buyer may not be aware of the location or the condition of the goods. Hence, the buyer cannot claim against the carrier until the documents are present.Cost of ImportsThe buyer has to handle the unloading, customs clearance, and import duties when the shipment reaches the destination. Hence, it can increase the import cost. Also, if these costs are not anticipated, it can further lead to delays.Also check - DAP vs DDP: Which Shipping Term Is Right for You?Streamline Shipping Operations With WareIQWareIQ's smart shipping solution helps eCommerce brands minimise cost leakages caused by RTOs, fake delivery attempts in NDR, weight reconciliation issues, and more. Our solution also offers prompt support for handling urgent client escalations, ensuring smooth operations at all times.Our solution offers the following capabilities:Multi-carrier engine enabling fast deliveries across 24,000+ pin codesControl Tower & automated workflows to minimize NDR & RTOsSame/Next-day delivery courier optionsSeamless Integration with your WMS, ERPs and StorefrontsShipping Badges to display precise Estimated Delivery Dates (EDD)Custom branded tracking pages and notifications to enhance customer experienceConclusionCPT (Carriage Paid To) is an Incoterm used in the shipping industry, irrespective of the mode of shipment. Under CPT, the seller handles the main carriage, but the buyer bears the shipment risk in the destination country. Transparency is essential for traders choosing CPT, and the place of the delivery and destination must be specified. It is also necessary to ensure that both sides understand when the risk will actually be transferred to the other party.Related - Mastering Incoterms in Logistics: Key Terms You Need to KnowFAQs About CPTWho is responsible for the trade cost as per CPT Incoterm?The seller is the one who is responsible for arranging and paying for the shipment shipped to a specific destination.Does CPT apply to sea shipments?Yes, CPT can be used for all modes of transport, whether sea, road, rail, or air.Is CPT different from CIP?CPT stands for Carriage Paid To, while CIP stands for Carriage and Insurance Paid To. Unlike CPT, under CIP, the seller must also purchase insurance for goods shipped to a specified destination.Who will be responsible for import duties and taxes under CPT?The buyer is responsible for import clearance, taxes and any other formalities required to be fulfilled in the destination country.

September 19, 2025

Certificate of Origin: Why It’s Crucial for International Trade

A Certificate of Origin is an important commercial document which plays a vital role in international trade. It states the country where the goods in the shipment are obtained, produced, processed and manufactured. Besides the information about the goods in a consignment, the certificate is also essential to determine if the goods comply with the trade agreements. It also helps in customs clearance processes, as it informs customer authorities about the correct imposition of taxes. As per a study by WCO, the Certificate of Origin can be digitised in the future. It thus becomes essential to know the intricacies of the Certificate of Origin.In this article, we will learn the definition of a Certificate of Origin, the types of Certificates of Origin, the process of obtaining a Certificate of Origin, and other important aspects.What Is a Certificate of Origin?When it comes to the meaning of Certificate of Origin, it is the document used in international trade. It verifies the origin of the goods being exported and is critical for determining which taxes will be levied according to trade agreements. It is also known as the country of origin certificate.Some of the details that are mentioned on the Certificate of Origin are:Name and the address of the exporterManufacturer DetailsDescription of the productThe country of originQuantity and weight of the productImporter detailsHSN codeModes of transportationInvoice numberDigital signatureVerification from the issuing authoritySignificance of a Certificate of Origin in International TradeSince the Certificate of Origin for export contains all the details about a shipment, it plays a pivotal role in international trade. Below is the list of the importance of the COO:It ensures smooth transit of goods across the borders by providing all the necessary information about the shipment to the customs authorities.The Certificate of Origin ensures compliance with international tax and trade regulations, allowing companies to benefit from favourable international trade conditions.The tax rate and tariff applicable to the exported goods are decided based on the Certificate of Origin. This document is detrimental and helps determine trade measures to be taken on the exported goods.Some countries can qualify for preferential treatment, and a COO can be a deciding factor in whether they receive preferential treatment or not. It also helps avoid duties under different trade agreements.It also helps access the international market, where the Certificate of Origin is mandatory.A Certificate of Origin helps maintain accurate statistics and records for economic analysis.It serves as a critical document in resolving disputes relating to the origin of goods between countries.Different Types of Certificate of Origin There are two categories of Certificate of Origin, and they are explained below:Non-Preferential Certificate of Origin It is an ordinary certificate that contains information about the exporter and other important details about the shipment. These details signify that the shipment of goods is not qualified for preferential treatment under a trade agreement. Hence, the exporting country must pay the normal tariffs and taxes as per the agreement. Preferential Certificate of Origin As the name suggests, preferential COO indicates that the type of goods shipped by the exporter can avail of preferential treatment under the trade agreement. With the preferential COO, the exporter can get reduced tariffs and certain exemptions under the free trade agreements.For example, exports between Mexico, the United States, and Canada are provided with exemptions under the USMCA free trade agreement. When trade occurs between these countries, a preferential Certificate of Origin is required. However, in some cases, a bill of lading or commercial invoice can also suffice.Who Issues A Certificate of Origin?The Chamber of Commerce primarily issues Certificates of Origin, but certain government agencies and trade associations also have the authority to do so. However, the DGFT (Directorate General of Foreign Trade) or the Union Ministry of Commerce and Industry should authorise the issuing body. How To Get a Certificate of Origin?Obtaining a COO requires several steps, which are mentioned below:Check EligibilityThe first step in obtaining a Certificate of Origin is to check if the products you are exporting are eligible for application according to the importing country's trade regulations and agreements.Collate DocumentsOnce you know you are eligible, the next step is to gather the documents required to obtain the COO. Some of the documents/information that you would need include:Duly filled COO formInvoicePacking listBill of ladingCover letterProduct DescriptionIEC CodeDigital signature certificatePurchase order from the importerShipping billCover letterApplicationComplete the Certificate of Origin application form and attach the required documents. Then, submit it to an authorised body that issues the COO.COO Type SelectionBased on the trade agreements with the importer's country, select whether it will be a Preferential COO or a non-preferential COO. VerificationThe authorised body will conduct verification to check the authenticity of the submitted documents and the origin of the goods. Further enquiries or inspections might be necessary.Payment of FeesOnce the inspection is satisfactorily completed, you can pay the fee. After the payment, the authorities will issue the COO. You can now include the COO with the shipping documents for smooth customs clearance. Also, if the customer authorities have any further requirements, you can coordinate with the issuing authority for next steps. This can also be done in case of discrepancies.Also read - MSDS Certificate: Essential Guide for Safety and Compliance in IndiaWith WareIQ, Get Seamless Customer Clearance WareIQ's smart shipping solution helps eCommerce brands minimise cost leakages caused by RTOs, fake delivery attempts in NDR, weight reconciliation issues, and more. Our solution also offers prompt support for handling urgent client escalations, ensuring smooth operations at all times.Our solution offers the following capabilities:Multi-carrier engine enabling fast deliveries across 24,000+ pin codesControl Tower & automated workflows to minimise NDR & RTOsSame/Next-day delivery courier optionsSeamless Integration with your WMS, ERPs and StorefrontsShipping Badges to display precise Estimated Delivery Dates (EDD)Custom-branded tracking pages and notifications to enhance customer experienceRelated - Fumigation Certificate: When Is It Required for Exports?RCMC Certificate: Importance for ExportersConclusionA Certificate of Origin (COO) is one of the key documents when an exporter exports goods to another country. It is essential for a smooth customer clearance process and compliance with trade regulations, and it also helps in availing of application tariff exemptions, if any. Whether the goods are being exported to a country with which the country of origin has a Free Trade Agreement or not, a COO is necessary. Depending on the destination country, an exporter can choose a preferential Certificate of Origin (COO) or a non-preferential one. A DGFT-authorised body can issue a COO; hence, it is necessary to submit proper documents to the issuing body to receive a COO. Related - Certificate of Conformity in Global TradeAEO Certification: Benefits for Indian ExportersFAQs About Certificate of OriginWhat is the Certificate of Origin used for?A Certificate of Origin (COO) helps verify the country of origin for exported goods. It is also a necessary document for knowing the applicable tariff rates and maintaining compliance with trade regulations.Can a Certificate of Origin be availed online?Yes, it can be availed of electronically. The process to obtain a COO has to be completed online.What is the difference between a Preferential COO and a Non-preferential COO?Preferential COOs are COOs that certify that the goods being exported qualify for reduced tariff rates as per trade agreements. On the other hand, Non-preferential COOs are ordinary COOs which certify that goods do not qualify for reduced tariffs.What details are present on the COO?The Certificate of Origin contains details about the manufacturer, the exporter, the importer, a product description, the weight and quantity of goods, the country of origin, a commercial invoice, and shipping details.Who issues a Certificate of Origin?A Certificate of Origin is issued by bodies authorised by the DGFT (Directorate General of Foreign Trade). In India, the COO is authorised and issued by the Indian Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and the Trade Promotion Council of India (TPCI).

September 18, 2025

ETD Full Form: What Does ETD Mean in Shipping?

To ensure a more streamlined shipping and logistics operation, it is necessary to understand the multiple acronyms that are most commonly used. One such acronym is ETD, the full form for which is Estimated Time of Departure. This term refers to the projected timeline for when a shipment will leave the port or its origin point. Businesses must understand the ETD concept, whether it involves stakeholders across the supply chain or manufacturers, as it can help with better planning, coordination, and efficient resource allocation. In this article, we will understand what ETD means in shipping, the factors that affect it, and its significance.What Is ETD in shipping?ETD's full form in shipping is estimated time of departure. It is commonly used in the shipping and logistics industry to define the anticipated time and date of departure from the point of origin, specifically for the Estimated Time of Departure (ETD). The point of origin could be a port, a distribution centre, or even a warehouse. Knowing the estimate is essential, as it can help streamline transportation, inventory management, scheduling, and customer communication.ETD does not represent the actual time of departure. The Actual Time of Departure (ATD) can be the same as the Estimated Time of Departure (ETD), or it can vary depending on factors such as load readiness, shipping conditions, pending compliances, and more. ETD is also essential, as it can help in providing customers with an estimated delivery timeline. As 90% of customers expect a two- to three-day delivery time, ETD can help customers to know when to expect the delivery.Factors influencing ETDSince ETD is an estimate, several factors can create fluctuations in the timeline. Below are some variables which can have an impact on the accuracy and correctness of ETD:Port CongestionConditions at the port are never the same, and port traffic will always vary from time to time. Hence, it is one of the key factors that can impact the ETD. High traffic density at the port can substantially increase the waiting time for vessels to depart, fluctuating the ETD.Weather ConditionsAlthough weather conditions can be forecasted, they are not 100% reliable, and unexpected scenarios can still occur, causing delays in loading and vessel departure schedules.Custom Clearance Customs clearance involves a lot of paperwork, documentation, and inspections before the vessel is cleared for departure from the port. Delays with documentation or inspections can impact the ETD.Mechanical ConcernsMechanical issues can also delay a vessel's departure time. Equipment failure can cause disturbances during loading and the ship's departure.Labour StrikesEven with all the documentation on time and no mechanical issues, the vessel's departure can be delayed if there is an unexpected labour strike. Such situations can disrupt port operations and schedules.Why Is Understanding ETD in Shipping Important?ETD is more important than just checking a box on a form. Let us look at how ETD is crucial to know in shipping:Accurate ETD is important for logistics providers to plan transport routes, allocate resources, and schedule labour more effectively.Whether manufacturers or retailers, they rely on accurate information about the ETD to ensure that stock levels are in order. Knowing the accurate ETD will also help with timely stock replenishment, which helps avoid overstocking and stockouts.Accurate ETD information is highly beneficial for aligning operations in a supply chain. With accurate ETD, organisations can minimise delays, efficiently reduce storage costs, and optimise all supply chain operations.Lastly, accurate ETD is essential for transparency and building customer trust. When a company can provide accurate ETD to customers, it will improve customer satisfaction and loyalty.How Is the Estimated Time of Departure Calculated?Calculation of the Estimated Time of Departure (ETD) can be done considering the following factors:The schedule of the vessel.Any planned halts, either for bunkering or maintenance.Traffic density at the portEquipment availability for loadingCurrent and expected weather conditions at the point of origin and the route.Condition of the ship (if any maintenance is required)Availability of labour.How Is the Actual Time of Departure Different From the Estimated Departure Time?ETD is the estimated or predicted time at which the vessel is expected to depart, depending upon various conditions such as traffic at the port, the condition of the ship, the condition of the load, etc.On the other hand, the actual departure time is when a ship or vessel has departed the port. If everything goes as planned, the ETD and ATD can be the same, too.Does ETD Also Stand for Estimated Time of Delivery?Yes, ETD meaning in business can also refer to the estimated time of delivery. However, in shipping and logistics, ETD is often referred to as the Estimated Time of Departure. When an organisation expects a shipment, it uses ETD as the Estimated Departure Time to calculate the Arrival Time (ETA).ETD is referred to as Estimated Time of Delivery for consumer-centric shipments. In this case, the ETD is provided to the end customer so they can understand when to expect product delivery.Track Shipment Accurately With Shipping Solutions From WareIQWareIQ is a Y-Combinator-backed eCommerce full-stack platform offering multi-channel fulfillment across D2C, Marketplaces, Quick Commerce, and B2B (General Trade & Modern Trade)Our solution offers:Pan-India network of Seller Flex & FAssured compliant across 12+ cities operated by WareIQ and shipping partners for last-mile delivery across 27000+ pin codesMulti-channel fulfilment platform with plug-and-play integrations across marketplaces (Amazon, Flipkart, Myntra, Nykaa, etc.), D2C platforms (Shopify, Magento, WooCommerce, etc.), WMS, and ERPs to support fulfilment across distributors, flagship stores, and eCommerce channels with analytics capabilities to assess operational performance.Inventory Logiq AI-led multi-channel inventory planning solution to minimise stockouts and automate replenishmentLeverage a tech-enabled returns QC solution to capture, centrally store, and auto-index HD media evidence of damaged or missing returned products and eliminate marketplace claims rejections.A host of seller enablement and support – dedicated account manager, APOB/PPOB registrations, GST registration, NDR & COD verification, etc.ConclusionETD, the Estimated Time of Departure, is vital information for efficient shipping operations. When a business understands its significance and the factors that influence it, it can take better steps to improve the overall planning of supply chain operations. It's not just about tracking departure times. It's more about using the insight to develop better strategies, make better decisions, foster stakeholder collaboration, and deliver superior value to customers.Also read - EIR Full Form: Understanding the Equipment Interchange Receipt in Shipping LogisticsFAQS About ETD (Estimated Time of Delivery)Does ETD impact shipping costs?Yes, delays in ETD can increase storage fees and shipping costs.Who provides ETD information?The carrier or logistics provider is responsible for providing details of ETD information to both the consignee and the shipper.Can ETD be used for all modes of transportation?The acronym ETD is used in shipping and logistics and can be applied across all modes of transportation, including sea, air, and road.What factors helped to determine ETD?ETD is determined based on various factors, including documentation processing, loading times, and transportation schedules.Is it possible to mitigate ETD delays?Yes, mitigating ETD days is possible if the shipper plans proactively and maintains open communication with carriers. It is also essential for shippers to have a contingency plan in place so that ETD delays can be avoided.

September 17, 2025

Difference Between Packaging and Labelling

In India’s thriving consumer market, where millions shop daily from bustling bazaars to online platforms, the way products are presented can make or break a brand. The difference between packaging and labelling is key for businesses, whether it’s a spice vendor in Varanasi or a cosmetics startup in Bengaluru. While both are crucial for grabbing attention and meeting regulations, they play distinct roles. This blog explores what sets packaging and labelling apart, their benefits and challenges, and how they drive success, with insights tailored for Indian entrepreneurs, students, and retailers.What Is Packaging?Packaging refers to the process of designing and creating a physical container or wrapper for a product. It’s the box, bottle, or bag that holds items like biscuits, shampoo, or spices. In India, where products travel from warehouses in Delhi to rural shops in Assam, packaging ensures protection, ease of handling, and storage. Beyond functionality, packaging is a marketing tool. A vibrant package of mango pickles from a Gujarat brand can catch a shopper’s eye in a crowded Kirana store. Materials like plastic, glass, or cardboard are chosen based on the product’s needs, with sustainability gaining traction as 44% of Indian consumers prefer eco-friendly packaging, according to a 2022 Rakuten Insight survey.What Is Labelling?Labelling involves displaying information on the packaging or product itself. It includes details like the brand name, ingredients, usage instructions, and safety warnings. In India, labelling must comply with regulations like the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, or the Legal Metrology Act, 2009, ensuring consumers in Chennai or Patna get accurate information. Labels guide consumer decisions. For example, a nutritional label on a pack of oats helps a health-conscious buyer in Bengaluru choose wisely. Types of labels include brand labels (e.g., Amul’s logo), descriptive labels (usage instructions), and grade labels (indicating quality).Key Differences Between Packaging and LabellingUnderstanding the difference between packaging and labelling is essential for businesses to meet consumer needs and regulatory standards. Here’s a clear comparison:AspectPackagingLabellingDefinitionDesigning and creating a physical container or wrapper for a product.Displaying textual and graphical information on the product or its packaging.PurposeProtects the product, facilitates handling, and attracts customers.Provides product details, ensures compliance, and aids consumer decisions.MaterialsUses plastic, glass, metal, or cardboard (e.g., bottles, boxes).Involves printed stickers or direct printing on packaging.FunctionEnsures product safety, storage, and visual appeal.Communicates essential information like ingredients and warnings.Regulatory FocusFocuses on material safety and environmental impact.Requires adherence to strict content accuracy and legal standards.Marketing RoleEnhances brand visibility through design and aesthetics.Builds trust through clear, informative content.Benefits of Packaging and LabellingBoth packaging and labelling offer unique advantages that drive product success in India’s competitive market:Packaging BenefitsProtection: Prevents damage during transport, like safeguarding fragile glass jars of honey from Himachal Pradesh.Contamination Prevention: Keeps products like milk or spices free from microbes, crucial for India’s diverse climates.Storage Efficiency: Enables easy stacking in warehouses, reducing costs for retailers in Hyderabad.Marketing Appeal: Eye-catching designs, like vibrant tea packets, attract shoppers in crowded markets.Labelling BenefitsConsumer Information: Provides details like expiry dates or nutritional info, helping a diabetic customer in Lucknow choose safe products.Regulatory Compliance: Ensures adherence to laws, avoiding penalties for a cosmetics brand in Delhi.Brand Recognition: Logos and slogans on labels, like Dabur’s, build trust across India.Safety: Warns about allergens or hazards, protecting users of medicines in rural Bihar.These benefits make packaging and labelling indispensable for businesses aiming to stand out.Challenges in Packaging and LabellingDespite their importance, packaging and labelling face challenges in India’s dynamic market:Cost Pressures: High-quality, sustainable packaging increases costs for small businesses in Surat.Regulatory Compliance: Navigating complex labelling laws, like FSSAI’s, can be daunting for startups in Pune.Counterfeit Risks: Poor labelling can lead to fake products, impacting brands in crowded markets like Mumbai.Environmental Concerns: Plastic packaging faces scrutiny as India pushes for sustainability, challenging manufacturers in Chennai.Innovations like biodegradable packaging and digital labels are helping address these issues.Suggested - Top Packaging Materials for Safe and Effective ShippingStreamline Your Packaging and Labelling with WareIQAt WareIQ, we empower Indian businesses to excel in packaging and labelling with efficient logistics solutions. Our Y Combinator-backed platform ensures your products are packaged securely and labelled accurately, reaching customers nationwide.Custom Packaging: Offer tailored packaging solutions to protect products and enhance brand appeal.Compliance Support: Ensure labels meet regulatory standards, from FSSAI to legal metrology.Nationwide Reach: Store products in 12+ fulfilment centres, delivering to 27,000+ pin codes.Sustainability Options: Access eco-friendly packaging to align with consumer preferences.With WareIQ, your FMCG brand can deliver professionally packaged and labelled products, delighting customers from Kashmir to Kanyakumari.ConclusionThe difference between packaging and labelling lies in their roles: packaging protects and markets the product, while labelling informs and ensures compliance. In India’s vibrant consumer market, both are critical for success, from safeguarding goods to building trust. By understanding these distinctions, businesses can create appealing, compliant products that resonate with customers. With solutions like WareIQ, brands can streamline these processes, ensuring every package and label reflects quality and care.Related - Importance of Packaging: Why It Matters for Your BusinessFrequently Asked QuestionsWhat is the difference between packaging and labelling?Packaging involves designing a physical container to protect and market a product, while labelling displays information like ingredients and warnings on the product or packaging.What is the difference between packing and packaging?Packing refers to placing items into a container for transport or storage, while packaging is the broader process of designing and creating the container itself for protection and marketing.What is labelling and packing?Labelling is providing product information on packaging or the product, while packing is the act of placing goods into containers for shipping or storage.What is the difference between a label and a package insert?A label is an information printed or attached to the product/packaging, like ingredients or warnings, while a package insert is a separate document inside the packaging, often with detailed instructions or safety information.

September 16, 2025

The Growth of FMCG Industry in India: Trends and Insights

India’s Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) sector is a powerhouse, contributing significantly to the economy with a market size of $110 billion in 2023, as reported by the India Brand Equity Foundation. From toothpaste to packaged snacks, FMCG products touch every Indian household, driving demand across urban and rural landscapes. For entrepreneurs, students, and small business owners, understanding the growth of the FMCG industry in India offers a window into its potential and challenges. This blog explores the sector’s expansion, emerging trends, and what lies ahead, with relatable insights for readers from metros to small towns.What Defines the FMCG Industry in India?The FMCG industry in India encompasses products that are purchased frequently, consumed quickly, and priced affordably. These include daily essentials like soaps, biscuits, and beverages, as well as healthcare items like over-the-counter medicines. The sector is known for its high sales volumes and widespread distribution, reaching every corner of the country.In India, FMCG is the fourth-largest sector, employing over 3 million people. It thrives on India’s young population, rising incomes, and growing consumer aspirations, making it a vital part of the nation’s economic fabric.How the FMCG Sector in India Is Rapidly GrowingThe FMCG (Fast-Moving Consumer Goods) industry in India is witnessing phenomenal expansion, fuelled by a combination of economic, demographic, and technological factors. Here are the primary growth engines:Graph Source (IBEF)Rising Disposable Incomes: Increasing earnings, especially in rural India, are boosting purchases of branded products. For example, a farmer in Punjab now opts for packaged atta instead of loose grains.Urbanisation: Migration to urban centres like Bengaluru and Ahmedabad drives demand for conveniently packaged goods, including ready-to-eat meals.Digital Revolution: With internet users projected to reach 900 million by 2025, online platforms are revolutionising FMCG sales. A student in Kolkata can now order their favourite snacks online within minutes.Youthful Demographics: With a median age of 27, India’s young population is propelling demand for trendy, innovative FMCG products, from protein bars to advanced skincare appealing to Gen Z and Millennials.Government Support: Initiatives like the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme, offering $1.46 billion in incentives, are strengthening domestic manufacturing and boosting exports.As a result, the FMCG sector is expected to grow its revenue by 7-9% in FY25, according to CRISIL, with rural demand leading the surge.Emerging Trends Shaping the FMCG LandscapeThe FMCG market in India is evolving, influenced by consumer preferences and technology. Here are the top trends redefining the sector:E-Commerce Surge: Online FMCG sales are expected to account for 11% of total sales by 2030, per NielsenIQ. Platforms like Amazon and quick-commerce services like Blinkit are making products accessible nationwide.Direct-to-Consumer (D2C) Growth: Brands like Mamaearth and Sugar reach customers directly online, achieving revenues of $13.4 million in just 4-8 years, compared to decades for traditional brands.Sustainability Focus: Consumers, especially Gen Z, prefer eco-friendly products. Companies like Dabur and Hindustan Unilever have become plastic-neutral, aligning with this shift.Premiumisation: Wealthier consumers are opting for premium products, such as Nescafe Gold coffee or organic skincare, particularly in top cities like Mumbai.Digital Advertising Boom: FMCG brands contribute 42% of India’s $9.92 billion digital ad spend in 2023, leveraging social media to engage customers.These trends highlight how the FMCG sector is adapting to a digital, conscious, and aspirational India.Opportunities for Businesses in FMCGThe growth of the FMCG industry in India opens doors for businesses, from startups to established players. Here are key opportunities:Rural Market Expansion: With rural areas contributing 35% of FMCG sales, brands can tap into this market with affordable, small-pack products. A soap brand in Rajasthan can target village Kirana stores.Innovation in Products: Developing health-focused or sustainable products, like millet-based snacks, aligns with consumer demand. A startup in Chennai could launch organic juices.Digital Platforms: E-commerce and social media allow small businesses to reach wider audiences. A homemade pickle maker in Gujarat can sell nationwide via Instagram.Partnerships with Quick Commerce: Collaborating with platforms like Swiggy Instamart enables faster delivery, boosting sales for brands in Delhi or Hyderabad.Export Potential: Government incentives make exporting FMCG products, like spices or snacks, viable for businesses in Kochi or Surat.These opportunities empower businesses to innovate and scale in a dynamic market.Hurdles Facing the FMCG SectorDespite its growth, the FMCG industry in India faces challenges that require strategic solutions:Intense Competition: Domestic giants like ITC and new D2C brands like Ustraa create a crowded market, pressuring margins for a shampoo brand in Pune.Rising Input Costs: Inflation increases raw material costs, affecting profitability for biscuit makers in Kanpur.Distribution Complexity: Reaching remote areas or managing fragmented Kirana networks is costly and logistically challenging.Regulatory Shifts: Policies like bans on single-use plastics force packaging changes, impacting costs for a detergent brand in Lucknow.Consumer Shifts: Rapidly changing preferences, like demand for vegan products, require constant innovation from brands in Bengaluru.Addressing these hurdles through technology and agility is crucial for sustained growth.WareIQ: Powering FMCG Growth with Seamless LogisticsAt WareIQ, we understand the logistics needs of FMCG businesses in India. Our Y Combinator-backed platform streamlines supply chains, helping brands deliver products efficiently. Whether you are a D2C startup in Mumbai or a traditional FMCG brand in Ahmedabad, WareIQ supports your growth.Nationwide Delivery: Store products in 12+ fulfilment centres, reaching 27,000+ pin codes quickly.AI-Driven Inventory: Our Inventory LogIQ tool prevents stockouts, ensuring availability during festive rushes.Multi-Channel Integration: Manage sales across Amazon, Flipkart, and your website from one dashboard.Fast Returns Processing: Handle returns effortlessly, keeping customers satisfied.With WareIQ, FMCG brands can focus on innovation while we ensure products reach every doorstep.Final ThoughtsThe FMCG industry in India is thriving, fuelled by rising incomes, digital growth, and evolving consumer preferences. With a projected market size of $220 billion by 2025, the sector offers immense opportunities for businesses to innovate and expand. By embracing trends like e-commerce and sustainability, brands can connect with India’s diverse consumers, from urban hubs to rural heartlands. With solutions like WareIQ, FMCG businesses can navigate challenges and deliver value, shaping a brighter future for India’s economy and its people.Frequently Asked QuestionsWhat is the FMCG sector in India?The FMCG sector in India includes fast-moving consumer goods like toiletries, packaged foods, and healthcare products, known for frequent purchases and low costs.What is the growth rate of FMCG in India in 2025?The FMCG sector is expected to grow at 7-9% in revenue in FY25, driven by increased volume and rural demand recovery, according to CRISIL.What are the growth drivers of the FMCG industry?Key drivers include rising incomes, urbanisation, a young population, digital adoption, and government policies like PLI schemes.What is the market size of the FMCG sector in India?The FMCG market was valued at $110 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach $615.87 billion by 2027, growing at a CAGR of 27.9% from 2021 to 2027, per the India Brand Equity Foundation.Which is India’s No. 1 FMCG company?Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) is often considered India’s leading FMCG company, with brands like Dove and Knorr.What are the products of FMCG in India?FMCG products include personal care (soap, shampoo), food and beverages (biscuits, juices), household care (detergents), and OTC healthcare items.

September 15, 2025

PTL Full Form: Streamlining Logistics with Part Truckload in India

India’s logistics industry is a cornerstone of its economic growth, valued at US$ 107.16 billion (Rs. 9 trillion) in FY23, and is projected to grow significantly, reaching US$ 159.54 billion (Rs. 13.4 trillion) by FY28, with a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8-9%, according to a recent report by Motilal Oswal. In this fast-paced sector, selecting the right shipping method can make or break a business. One solution gaining popularity is PTL, or Part Truckload, a logistics approach that blends affordability with efficiency. Understanding the PTL's full form and its application can revolutionise how Indian businesses manage their supply chains.This blog explores the meaning of PTL in logistics, its operational framework, and its value for Indian enterprises. Written in clear, simple language, it is designed for all, from small online sellers in Coimbatore to large manufacturers in Ahmedabad. Whether you are transporting garments or electronics, PTL can enhance your logistics strategy. Let us begin!What Is PTL?PTL stands for Part Truckload, a logistics method where a shipment fills a substantial portion of a truck but shares space with goods from other companies. Unlike Full Truckload (FTL), which dedicates an entire truck to one shipment, or Less Than Truckload (LTL), which handles smaller shipments, PTL strikes a balance. It typically involves 5 to 14 pallets weighing between 5000 and 40000 pounds, making it suitable for medium-sized shipments.In India, where businesses juggle varied cargo volumes and budget constraints, PTL is a practical choice. For example, a Mumbai-based home decor retailer can use PTL to ship 10 pallets of lamps, sharing the truck with another firm’s cargo, saving costs while ensuring quicker delivery than LTL.How Part Truckload Functions in Logistics?Part Truckload logistics optimises truck capacity while reducing handling. Here is a simple breakdown of the process:Shipment Request: A business contacts a logistics provider, detailing the pickup location, delivery destination, and shipment specifics, such as size and weight.Truck Assignment: The provider allocates the shipment to a truck, combining it with other companies’ goods to utilise space efficiently.Limited Stops: The truck makes few stops to deliver or collect other cargo, minimising handling compared to LTL.Final Delivery: The goods arrive at the destination, where they are unloaded and delivered to the recipient.This approach delivers faster transit than LTL and lower costs than FTL. For instance, a Bengaluru-based coffee exporter can ship 9 pallets of beans to Delhi, sharing the truck with another company’s goods and ensuring timely delivery with minimal handling.Also read -Comparing PTL, FTL, and LTL: Key DifferencesTo fully grasp the PTL's full form in logistics, it is helpful to compare it with FTL and LTL. Here is a clear overview:AspectPart Truckload (PTL)Full Truckload (FTL)Less Than Truckload (LTL)Shipment Size5 to 14 pallets, occupying part of the truck.Entire truck, typically 20 or more pallets.Small shipments, usually 1 to 4 pallets.CostModerate, less expensive than FTL, more than LTL.High, as you pay for the entire truck.Low, as you pay only for the space used.Transit TimeFaster than LTL, slower than FTL due to few stops.Fastest, with no stops.Slowest, with multiple stops and handling.HandlingMinimal, lowering damage risk.None, as goods remain untouched.High, increasing damage risk.FlexibilityFlexible for medium-sized shipments and special requests.Limited to large shipments.Highly flexible for small, frequent shipments.For example, a Chennai footwear brand shipping 12 pallets of sneakers might choose PTL for cost efficiency and speed. In comparison, a Gujarat pharmaceutical company with 30 pallets would opt for FTL for security, and a small Jaipur jeweller with 2 pallets would select LTL for affordability.Why PTL Matters for Indian Businesses?Part Truckload logistics provides significant advantages for Indian businesses managing complex supply chains. Industry insights highlight that PTL adoption helps medium-sized enterprises reduce shipping costs and improve efficiency by optimising truck space and minimising handling. Here are the primary advantages:Affordable Shipping: Sharing truck space reduces costs, which is ideal for small and medium enterprises in cities like Pune with limited budgets.Safer Handling: Fewer touchpoints decrease damage risk, which is critical for delicate items like ceramics or electronics.Efficient Timing: Faster than LTL due to fewer stops, ensuring timely deliveries during peak seasons like Holi.Customisable Options: Suits medium-sized shipments and allows special delivery requests, meeting diverse business needs.Sustainable Choice: Maximises truck capacity, reducing empty runs and supporting eco-friendly logistics in India.For instance, a Kolkata toy retailer can use PTL to ship 11 pallets of board games to distributors, balancing cost and safety while meeting delivery deadlines.Addressing PTL Logistics ObstaclesWhile PTL offers significant benefits, it has challenges. Here is how to overcome them in India’s logistics environment:Extended Transit Times: PTL involves stops, unlike FTL. Solution: Schedule shipments early, particularly for urgent goods, and partner with dependable providers.Risk of Delays: Combining cargo can lead to delays. Solution: Use logistics platforms with real-time tracking to stay informed.Cargo Mismatch: Shared trucks may carry incompatible goods, such as food with chemicals. Solution: Choose providers with strict cargo separation policies.Variable Costs: Rates vary by shipment size and route. Solution: Request quotes from multiple providers to find cost-effective options.Creative Ways to Enhance PTL EfficiencyTo maximise PTL’s potential, Indian businesses can adopt these forward-thinking strategies:Optimised Routing: Use logistics software to select the fastest routes, cutting transit time and fuel expenses.Shared Shipments: Collaborate with local businesses to share PTL shipments, further reducing costs.Live Tracking: Implement tracking tools to monitor shipments, ensuring transparency and timely updates.Festive Planning: Time PTL shipments to align with high-demand periods, like festive sales, for maximum impact.Supplier Syncing: Coordinate with suppliers to streamline pickup schedules, preventing delays at loading points.For example, a Surat textile exporter can partner with a nearby fabric supplier to share a PTL shipment to Hyderabad, lowering costs while using tracking tools to ensure secure delivery.Boost Your PTL Strategy with WareIQ’s Advanced SolutionsOptimising Part Truckload logistics requires a partner attuned to India’s logistics complexities. WareIQ, a Y Combinator-backed e-commerce fulfilment platform, equips businesses to enhance PTL shipments with innovative technology. Whether you are a jewellery seller in Delhi or a spice exporter in Kochi, WareIQ ensures your PTL approach delivers results.WareIQ provides:Nationwide Fulfilment Network: Store inventory in fulfilment centres across more than 12 cities, enabling rapid deliveries to over 27000 pin codes, compliant with Seller Flex and FAssured standards.AI-Driven Inventory Management: Use Inventory LogIQ to align stock with PTL shipments, minimising waste and expenses.Seamless Integration: Connect with platforms like Shopify, Amazon, and Flipkart for real-time order and shipment tracking, boosting PTL efficiency.Efficient Returns Management: Handle returns with high-definition media evidence to reduce disputes, ensuring smooth logistics.Compliance Support: Receive assistance with GST registration and catalogue listings, simplifying PTL operations.By partnering with WareIQ, you can make PTL logistics cost-effective, reliable, and customised to your needs, driving customer satisfaction and business growth.Also check - EIR Full Form: Understanding the Equipment Interchange Receipt in Shipping LogisticsConclusionUnderstanding the PTL full form, Part Truckload, and its role in logistics is transformative for Indian businesses. By offering a blend of affordability, speed, and flexibility, PTL enables enterprises to navigate India’s intricate supply chain effectively. From safer handling to optimised truck use, it is a smart choice for medium-sized shipments, whether you are in Bangalore or Bhopal.With solutions like WareIQ, you can elevate your PTL strategy, ensuring flawless deliveries and delighted customers. Assess your shipping requirements, explore PTL, and adopt creative strategies to stay competitive in India’s logistics sector. Your supply chain and profitability will thrive!Frequently Asked QuestionsWhat is PTL in logistics?PTL, or Part Truckload, is a logistics method where a shipment occupies a significant portion of a truck, sharing space with other companies’ goods, typically for 5 to 14 pallets.What is the full form of PTL?The full form of PTL is Part Truckload, a shipping method that balances cost and efficiency in logistics.What does PTL stand for in shipping?In shipping, PTL stands for Part Truckload, a method for medium-sized shipments that share truck space with minimal handling.What does PTL mean in a warehouse?In a warehouse, PTL refers to shipments prepared as part truckload, occupying a notable portion of a truck but not the entire space, often requiring strategic loading to optimise space.

September 12, 2025

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